西方哲学视域中人与上帝的调适——兼论西方哲学发展的时代主题

The Relationship between God and Human in the Perspective of Western Philosophy——Concurrently a Comment on the Spirit of Time in the Development of Western Philosophy

在西方哲学发展过程中,人与上帝作为重要范畴,始终位居显赫位置,他们的调适与发展集中体现了西方哲学时代主题的演变。在希腊哲学中,人与神揉为一体共同完成了对自然的解说。在中世纪,人类主体性被上帝所取代,哲学的神学附庸性成为这一时期哲学的时代主题。到了近代,随着上帝观念的失落、人类主体地位的崛起,弘扬人的理性和创造力成为这一时代哲学发展的主题。19世纪末,尼采的“上帝之死”开创了西方非理性主义的新时代,一个世纪后,福柯的“人之死”把人本主义哲学推向后现代的新阶段。

In the development of Western philosophy, the important categories of human and God always occupy a predominate position. The relationship between the two embodies the evolution of the spirit of time. In Greek philosophy, the two mingled together to explain the Nature. In Middle Ages, God took over human subjectivity. Thus, the vassalage of philosophy to theology turned out to be the spirit of time. Up to the modern times, with the loss of the notion of God and the rise of human subjectivity, the promotion of human reason and creativity became the spirit of time. At the end of the 19th century, Nietzsches 'God is dead' opened a new epoch of the western irrationalism, and a century later, Foucaults 'man is dead' advanced humanistic philosophy to the postmodern era.