试论山东地区的龙山文化城

Studies on Longshan Cities in Shandong

在这一栏目中,还发表了张学海关于山东龙山文化城址的研究文章,该文将山东境内发现的14座龙山文化城址分为两个等级,规模较大的是聚落群的中心,有“都城”性质;规模较小的二级城址可称“邑城”。

Cities of the Longshan culture discovered in Shandong are noted not only for their amount (fourteen) and size but for the fact that some were in a group. These cities are divided into two types:one having straight walls whose gaps serve as entrances and a ground at the same level with that of the outside;another with a raised ground level within and towering walls as viewed from outside. They can also divided into two classes according to their sizes. The first-class Longshan cities,sort of capital,is the center of a group of settlements. Having a smaller size yet a higher position than village,the second-class cities are regarded as regional cities. Since separation of city from countryside had already taken place in the Longshan era,some mentioned above can be seen as prototypical cities. Scores of cultural centers or groups of settlements had existed in Shandong area at least as early as the middle Dawenkou period. Some of them appeared in the middle and late Dawenkou period about 5000 years from today,or even a little earlier,probably on their way towards state. By the Longshan period, some former Dawenkou tribes had finished their shift to states. The Longshan times saw in Shandong at least three states--Chengziya,Jiaochangpu and Jingyanggang, which seem to have farming-based social structures characteristic of du,yi and ju,somthing differentiating them from city-states.