1871—1914年资本主义国家的政治、社会调整

The Political and Social Adjustmentsin the Capitalist Countries,1871—1914

1871年以后,伴随着资本主义从“自由竞争”向垄断的过渡、科学技术和工农业的飞跃发展以及世纪之交第二次工业革命的猛烈开展,欧美几个资本主义大国在社会经济和阶级斗争方面出现了新的形势,这表现在如下几个方面:第一,由于向垄断过渡,资本主义社会的阴暗面更加突出,社会不公正现象愈趋严重。国民财富急剧增长,但是财富分配极不公平,

In the period that capitalism entered the monopolistic stage (1871-1914),the capitalist countries were faced with new situation and new pro-blems in the socio-economic matters and class struggle. So many links inthe political structure as well as present policies could not be suited to them.And capitalism was exposed to grave challenge. Therefore, the capitalistcountries were forced to make a series of adjustments, in the political spherethey strengthened their state-machines, perfected their administrativeorganizations and further democratized their politics; in the social aspectthey adopted social security policy and the measures that injured the inte-rest of the upper class. These adjustments were wide in their extent, colos-sal in their scale and profound in their content, and helped the capitalistcountries to attain their double objects of stabilizing the capitalist orderand prospering their capitalist economy.