论匈奴考古研究中的几个问题

ON SOME PROBLEMS IN THE ARC HAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HUNS

一、发现与研究概况匈奴在中国历史上,乃至世界历史上是个有相当影响的古老民族。关于匈奴的历史,在中国古代文献中有较多的记载。司马迁是匈奴同时代人,他在《史记·匈奴列传》中首次详细记述了匈奴人的历史概况。以后《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》等著作均有匈奴的记载,使人们对匈奴的历史有了大致的了解。要不是这些记载,后人何以知晓匈奴这一称谓,也不可能对匈奴的政治、经济及社会状况有个概略的认识。然而,这些记载有其一定的局限性,匈奴史上的有些问题得不到令人信服的解释。在这方面,考古发掘的资料,在某种程度上可以弥补文献记载之不足。

During the past hundred years or so, a large number of Hun remains including tombs and city ruins have been discovered in northern China and Soviet Zabaykal'ye. According to their chronological, territorial and social distinction and different intension of the external influence they bear, the tombs can be divided into eight types. The entombment in the rectangular earth pit of single burial in a north-south orientation with pottery, harnesses and ornaments as funerary objects was a tradition of the Hun culture. The remains of fortified castles and settlements show that in the territory of the Huns, people were then already engaged in agriculture and handicraft. The builders and users of these castles and settlements were not only Huns, but also people of the Han and other nationalities who were either conquered by them or forced to flee to them.The Hurts originated mainly from two sources: the people of the Slab-tomb culture of the Bronze Age in Mongolia and Zabaykal'ye and nomadic tribes of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods in northern China. This has been proved by archaeological and paleoanthropological data. The relation of the Huns with the Central Plains represents the mutual reliance between nomadic and agricultural peoples. Silk, wuzhu coins, bronze mirrors from the Central Plains as well as lacquerware, pottery and whetstones with Chinese inscriptions are constantly discovered among Hun cultural relics, showing intimate relations between the Hans and the Huns.