从敦煌结社活动探讨人的群体性以及个体与集体的关系

On the human Being's Aggregation Character and the Belation Between the Individuality and the Collective in the light of the Association Activities in Dunhuang

人类为了自身的生存和发展,必须“以群的联合力量和集体行动来弥补个体自卫能力的不足”。敦煌的历史,敦煌人民的历史充分证明了这一点。在敦煌历史上,曾广泛盛行一种以“社”命名的社会组织,这种组织有着各种各样的社会活动,其特点就是依靠群众的力量和集体行动来维护成员的各种利益,使这些成员能在敦煌这块土地上得以生存和发展。敦煌于西汉元鼎六年(前111年)建郡,而敦煌的结社活动,据一些学者考察,从西汉昭帝元凤年间(前80—前75年),一直到宋、元时期,敦煌地区都有“社”的活动。其结社的组织形式,一般为十几人至四十几人。结社的名称甚多,有所谓“女人社”、“行人社”、“渠人社”、“兄弟社”、“亲情社”、“龙沙社”等等,其中有以性别为特征的,也有以职业为特征的,还有以同性宗族为特征的,以及以乡邻关系为特征的,等等。其结社的成员亦很广,有世家豪族与寺院高级僧侣等上层社会人物,也有一般地主、一般寺院僧侣和军队、官衙里的中级官员等中层社会的人们,但更多的是依附于寺院的常住百姓及各类手艺人等社会下层民众。然而不论是什么名称的社会。

In this article, useing the associative documents from Dunhuang and former peoples' study, the author analyse the most basic Cause of the associative phenomenen in Dunhuang, and basing on it. the author mainly discuss a Series of the moral problem of principle.After the author's study, he obtain the Conclussions as fouow:For living and development in the worst and complicated natural situation, so many individuality group of many collectives, that is to say. many Societies. as the Society is a collective composed of many individualities, it certainly is Concerned with the relation between Individual interest and Collective interest.