语义形式化的研究

Studies in Formalization of Semantic Meanings

语义是客观世界事物的概念在人的思维中的反映。客观事物尽管多种多样,五彩缤纷,却并非杂乱无章,否则构成不了秩序井然的客观世界。同样,语义现象虽十分错综复杂,也绝非乱丝一团,否则人无法进行有条有理的思维。研究语义的形式化,首要的问题就在于发掘语义间的内在关系。这是研究的先决条件。近十多年来,我们曾根据语义场的原理,采取义素分析的方法,对五万多个汉语词语的约六万七千个义项进行了剖析整理,划分成十二个大语义场:(1)人,如妇女、职员、病人、我等;(2)物体,如动物。

The phenomena of semantic meanings are complicated, but they are not at all too disorderly for human brains. To study the formalization of semantic meanings, it is of primary importance to discover the internal relationships among the semantic meanings. According to the theory of semantic fields, a natural language can be divided into various semantic fields on the basis of sememie analysis. Among the semantic fields there exist longitudinal or latitudinal connections of synonyms, antonyms, words with similar or associative meanings. Through careful arrangements, an inclusive sernantic network can be formed. The fact that semantic relations can be sorted out and the number of sememes is limited provides us with the possibility to study the formalization of semantic meanings, which can lead to the numeralization of semantic meanings. The use of numerals to describe the demonstrative meaning, social meaning, logical collocative meaning, etc., and the description of the simplified numerals on the basis of sememic division, will be useful to the computer processing of natural languages with respect to recognizing semantic meanings.