西方政治制度的分类与比较研究

A Typological and Comparative Study on the Western Political Regimes

本文系国家七五社会科学研究规划重点项目《西方政治制度比较研究》一书(初稿)绪论的一部分,作者希望先期在本刊发表以乞读者和专家的批评指教,以便及时修改补正。西方对政治制度进行分类和比较研究,已有悠久的历史。作者在介绍西方古今有关学说理论的同时,提出了自己的分类见解,并阐述了对西方政治制度总体比较研究的看法。作者认为,西方学者的研究成果和研究方法具有参考价值,但亦有很大局限性:或仅限于具体技术的描述,不涉阶级本质;或限于伦理道德和政治哲学角度探讨的理性原则,脱离现实;或脱离历史、社会、经济、文化等背景孤立地看问题,等等。这是我们在研究中所要注意的问题。作者认为,从整体社会的角度分析政治制度是马克思的首创。作者对政治权力和经济权力、上层建筑的反作用、各种政治制度的历史、社会、文化背景以及地理自然环境等问题作了初步探讨。在此之前,本文对政治制度、政治体制、政治系统等有关概念作了必要的阐述,并提出了作者自己的理解和看法。

This article is an excerpt of the introduction of the first draft ofthe book'A Comparative Study of the Western Political Regimes',a majorproject of the Seventh Five-year Plan in social scientific research.The au-thor wishes that by publishing the excerpt in this issue he could get adviceand criticisms from both readers and experts so as to amend and supplementthe draft.The West has a prolonged history of the typological and comparativestudy of political regimes.After giving an introduction of ancient and mo-dern theories concerned,the author airs his own opinions about typology andexplains his own ideas about the overall comparative study on the westernpolitical regimes.The author holds that the research results and methods ofwestern scholars are valuable but have their own limitations,i.e.,limitingto technical descriptions,not touching upon class nature,confining to ethi-cal and psychological angles from which to discuss rational principles andconsidering problems in isolation from their historical social economicand cultural backgrounds.All this is what we should pay attention to inour research,the author points out that it was initiated by Marx to analysepolitical regimes from the angle of the overall society.The author probesinto such problems as political and economic powers,the reaction of super-structures,the histories,societies and cultures of different political regimesand geologial and natural environments.Preceding what mentioned above,the article dwells upon the concepts of political regimes,institutions andsystems and presents the author's views.