说话人与受话人:从语用角度分析言语行为

Speaker and addressee from the perspective of pragmatics

索绪尔提出:“语言和言语不同,它是人们能够分出来加以研究的对象”,“语言科学不仅可以没有言语活动的其他要素,而且正要没有这些要素搀杂在里面,才能够建立起来”(《普通语言学教程》,中译本,1985年,36页)。从那时起,语言学把社会的、同质的符号系统作为自己的研究对象。

In discourse the speaker's presence is shown either explicitly through the use of first-person pro-forms, or implicitly through terms expressing the speakers evaluative judgement. By adding pragmatic meaning to the propositional content of an utterance, he manages to manipulate the relationship between the signifiant and signifié, but this is possible only in certain situations and in the context of a discourse larger than a sentence. The addressee is an indispensable factor for the speaker's speech act to be successful. The speaker's discourse is organized in consideration of the kind of addressee he faces. This is shown in the cooperative and politeness principles he observes. Thus in a passive position, the addressee, by his response, may exert a positive influence on the speaker. This paper uses material from the Russian language.