Minimally invasive perventricular VSD closure without cardiopulmonary bypass mid-term results from multi-centers

Objective Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided,minimally invasive perventricular device occlusion of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been applied in multiple centers. We reported experiences and the mid-term results. Methods Four hundred and thirty-two cases from 4 cardiac centers were involved in the study. There were 235 maled and 197 females,aged from 3 months to 15 years,with a body weight varying from 4.0 to 26.0 kg.