Nitric oxide mediated Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis and protective role of nanoconjugated vancomycin

Objective:To investigate the relation between fruit seeds,plants residuals and appendicitis. Methods:Among cases that underwent appendectomy,the appendicitis cases having fruit seeds and undigested plant residuals in their etiology were examined retrospectively.Also, histopathological features,age,sex,and parameters of morbidity and mortality were used. Results:Fruit seed was found in one case(0.05%) with presence of pus in appendix lumen, undigested plant residuals in 7 cases(0.35%).It was determined that there were appendix inflammation in 2 of the plant residuals cases,while there were obstruction and lymphoid hyperplasia in the appendix lumen of 5 cases.No mortality was observed.Conclusions:The ratio of acute appendicitis caused by plants is minimal among all appendectomised patients, but avoidence of eating undigested fruit seeds and chewing plants well may help to prevent appendicitis.

Objective:To test the survival of Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) inside lymphocyte that contributes to the pathogenesis of infection and possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effect of nanoconjugated vancomycin against in vivo S.aureus infection in a dose and duration dependent manner.Methods:5×10~6 CFU/mL vancomycin-sensitive S.aureus(VSSA) and vancomycin-resistive S.aureus(VRSA) were challenged in Swiss male mice for 3 days,S days. 10 days and 15 days,respectively.Bacteremia and inflammatory parameters were observed to evaluate the duration for development of VSSA and VRSA infection.100 mg/kg bw/day and 500 mg/kg bw/day nanoconjugated vancomycin were administrated to VSSA and VRSA infected group for 5 days.Bacteremia,inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress related parameters were tested to observe the effective dose of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection.Nanoconjugated vancomycin was treated at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day and 500 mg/ kg bw/day,respectively,to VSSA and VRSA infected group for successive 5 days,10 days and 15 days.Bacteremia,inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress related parameters were observed to assess the effective duration of nanoconjugated vancomycin against VSSA and VRSA infection.Results:The result revealed that in two VSSA and VRSA infection developed after 5 days of challenge by elevating the NO generation in lymphocyte and serum inflammatory markers.Administration with nanoconjugated vancomycin to VSSA and VRSA infected group at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw/day and 500 mg/kg bw/day,respectively,for successive 10 days eliminated bacterimia,decreased NO generation in lymphocyte,serum inflammatory markers and increased antioxidant enzyme status.Conclusions:These findings suggest,in vivo challenge of VSSA and VRSA for 5 days can produce the highest degree of damage in lymphocyte which can be ameliorated by treatment with nanoconjugated vancomycin for 10 successive days._____________