为什么中国古代哲学家没有发现三段论?——亚里士多德和中国古代哲学家的比较研究

Why did the Philosophers of Ancient China Fail to Find the Syllogism?——a comparative study of Aristotle and the philosophers of ancient China

一、三段论是由一般推知个别吗? 一位数学家讲过:“逻辑是不可战胜的,因为反对逻辑也必须使用逻辑”。形式逻辑是人类避免自己的推理思想陷于混乱的保证,是正确思维的基本规范。但研究人类是如何发现形式逻辑的,却又是一个十分困难的问题,发现逻辑在某种程度上也必须运用逻辑思维。其中关键性的一步是:“形式逻辑作为推理方法的实质是什么?”只有搞清楚这一点。

This paper, first of all, raises doubts to the viewpoint that 'the kernel of log-ical deduction is to deduce from what is universal to what is particular', which hasbeen widely accepted by the scholars both in China and abroad. It isn′t enough tofind syllogism by only defining the relationship between the 'genus, species' and 'theuniversal and the particular'. Through the comparative studies of Aristotle′s syllogismand the thinkers of ancient China such as Gongsun Long and the Mohists, the paperpoints out that two conditions are necessary for the discovery of syllogism in addi-tion to the above-mentioned viewpoint: (1) It is necessary to strictly distinguish between the identity and the attributein the statement. (2) The dividing and connecting of different genus and species should be defi-ned from different angles as far as possible-there must be restriction on the in-tegral information transfer. Gongsun Long and the Mohists were nearest to these two conditions, but theystill lacked the clearness and completeness. So they didn′t find the syllogism. Afterthe Mohists died out, the Confucianists′ thought of 'setting right the names' tookthe dominating position, thus the possible way to find the syllogism was blockedideologically.