2Tareq Y. Ismael, The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Iraq, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 5-6, pp. 20-21, pp. 26,12-15, p. 61, p. 34.
3Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and Revol- utionary Movements of lraq, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978, pp. 389-404, p. 11.
4Tareq Y. Ismael, The Communist Movement in the Arab World, New York : Routledge Curzon,2005, pp. 8-9.
5Joel Beinin, Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 125.
6Phebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1985 ,pp. 127-151.
7Ilan Pappe, The Modern Middle East, New York: Routledge, 2010, p. 130.
8Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett,lraq Since1958 : From Revolution to Dictatorship,London : I. B. Tauris,2001 , pp. 19-20.
9Peter Sluglett, " Arab Socialism ", John L.Esposito, ed., in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World,Volume One, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 192-194o.
10Geoff Simons,lraq: From Sumer to Post-Saddam, New York : Palgrave Macmillan ,2004, pp. 255-261, p. 261.
