居延汉简中的“功”与“劳”

Some Notes on "功" and "劳" in the Juyan Han Dynasty Slips

居延汉简中的功劳文书,过去研究者谈得最多的是“日迹”、“考课”、“秋射赐劳”、“上功”、“积劳”、“以功次升迁”等,但是涉及到“功”与“劳”的关系时都未能深入研究。因为有关的简牍仅记录守边士吏的功劳数目,而缺乏更详细的材料;历史文献也没有很明确的记载。按照司马迁的说法“古者人臣功有五品,以德立宗庙定社稷曰勋,以言曰劳,用力曰功,明其等曰伐。

The Juyan slips contains reference to officers' and soldiers' gong (merit) and lao (exploit). Scholars are not certain about the relationship between the two. According to some Han dynasty documents, both gong and lao were estimated on a cumulative basis, and some records of lao equal one gong. But nobody knows exactly how many. the author of the present article reaches finds out the ratio in the Juyan slip coded EPT50. 10. According to his calculation, four years of lao equaled one gong. He checks the discovery with the slips unearthed before and finds it well supported. His view on certain kind of Juyan documents is different from those Japanese scholars who categorize them as 'record of merit'. He locates what he believes are real records of merits.