联邦德国体育管理体制及其特征

THE SPORT ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN THE FEDERAL REPUHILC OF GER MANY AND ITS CHARACTERS

联邦德国的基本法规定了联邦德国是民主制、法制福利和联邦制的国家。其体育体制也与国家体制相适应，它表现出以下特征：民间和社会办体育，并实行自治，政府只扮演协助的角色并在一些方面不成文地承担一些体育经费；各不同层次和不同部门的管理机构依据基本法规定的职权范围秩序参与体育管理，责、权、利明确；俱乐部是体育管理的最基层组织，也是体育运动的具体承办者，其成员数以每年８％的速度递增；各管理机构的管理人员以业余兼职为原则，以志愿奉献为信条；管理人员选举产生，以议宪制为形式；自下而上建构组织，再从上而下实施管理。从而使体育充分发挥了它的“闲暇价值、健康价值、休养价值、教育价值和社会价值”。

Today the Federal Repubilc of Germany is not only one of the most developed countries in the world, but also one of the most developed countries in sport. After the Reunifation of the West and the East, the sport administration system of original East Germany with its national system has been dissolved in the national system of original West Germany. The basic law of the West Germany stipulales that this country is a demoncratic legal, well-being and federal-system country, so its sport administration system sults also to its national system. It has charaoters as following: the society handels sport and manages it, the government plays the role of assistence and bears a part of funds in some areas; every organization which is in various levels and departments takes part in the managment of sport according to the basic laws and its responsibitity, power and benifits are clearly defined; clubs are the most basic organizations of sport administration; they are also conorete undertakers of sport; the number of its member are increasing 8% yearly; most of the administrative persons are amateur; they are elected and work as obligation; the organization structure is set up from low to high and the managment is carried out from high to low.