世纪之交俄国自由主义运动的演变

Evolution of the Liberal Movement of Russian Bourgeiosie

19世纪末20世纪初,俄国处在历史的转折时期。先进的工业组织形式与中世纪的土地占有方式,欧化的城市与宗法制的农村,民主自由的要求与专制制度的现实,这些互相对立的事物的交织和冲突,构成了俄国1905年革命的广阔背景。关于这一时期俄国资产阶级自由主义运动在国家政治生活中的作用,比较普遍的看法是:它既反对革命,也反对无产阶级,只是到1904年才在工人运动的压力下被迫提出了召开立宪会议等较为激进的政治主张。但实际情况远非如此。从19世纪90年代开始,俄国自由主义运动在成分、组织、纲领和策略、活动方式等方面都经历了重大的更新和发展,逐渐成为沙皇政权不妥协的反对派,并在一定程度上同工农运动结成了联盟,促进了革命危机的成熟。

This article tries to illustriate changes in the liberal movement of Russian bourgeiosie during the period from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, and their impacts on Russian political life. Due to the rapid industrilization in 1890s,the components,organization,progra,strategy and pattern of activities of the bourgeois liberal movement experienced major developments and renovations. It gradually became the uncompromised opponent of the government of the Tsar. As an independent political force, the bourgeois liberal movement played an important role in the Russian political arena during the transition of two centuries and facilitated the start of the first bourgeois democratic movement.