苏联核工程的决策管理体系述论(1945~1955)

Administration and Policy Making System of the Soviet Nuclear Project 1945~1955

在1945~1955年苏联核工程发展的初级阶段,其决策管理体系发挥了重要作用。这一系统包括3个部分:信息机构由苏联两大情报部门国家安全委员会和红军总参谋部情报局组成,负责搜集西方国家核武器研制的情报并由苏联科学家对其进行研读和评估;决策核心则包括斯大林领导的苏联部长会议和贝利亚领导的特别委员会,全权负责苏联核工程的各种事务的审议和决策;执行机构是部长会议下属的第一管理总局,具体负责领导苏联核工程的各个企业、科研机构等部门,完成部长会议和特别委员会下达的指示。苏联核工程的决策管理体系是苏联政治经济体制的缩影,既具有较高的效率,能够在很短时间内推动苏联核工程快速发展,同时又表现出缺乏民主、体制僵化等缺点。

The Administration and Policy Making System of the Soviet Nuclear Project has exerted great influence during the early phase of the Project from 1945 to 1955. The System consists of three parts: the information branch comprising Committee of National Security and the Information Bureau of the Staff of the Red Army, with responsibility of collecting information about the research and construction of Western countries' nuclear weapons and their analysis and evaluation by Soviet scientists; the policy making center comprising the Soviet Ministers' committee under the leadership of Stalin and a special committee, with responsibility of examination and decision making of the Project's day to day business; and the executive branch comprising the First Administrative Bureau under the Ministers' Committee, with responsibility of managing many enterprises and research institutions working for the Project and carrying out the decisions and instructions of the Ministers' Committee and the Special Committee. The System itself is an embodiment of the Soviet Union's economic-political system. Being efficient, the System is capable of motivating the Soviet Nuclear Project to advance at a very high speed, while at the same time it suffers from such weaknesses as being rigid and undemocratic.