乾隆、嘉庆两朝对白山派和卓后裔招抚政策得失述评

The Gains and Losses of the Conciliation Policy Towards the Descendants of Aktaglik Sect in the Reigns of Emperor Qianlong and Jiaqing

白山派大、小和卓败亡之后,清朝对其后裔采取了严密的清查措施,确定了"罪不及妻孥"的处理原则,实行积极招抚并安置京师的政策,以消除潜在的危险,实现天山以南的长治久安。乾隆朝实行的清查措施与招抚安置政策收到了显著的效果。嘉庆初年继续对外逃的大和卓后裔萨木萨克实行积极招抚政策,但在萨木萨克接受招抚携妻、子来投的关键时刻,地方官员未能妥善处理,措施失当,致使其畏惧逸去。嘉庆十九年玉努斯案定案之原因十分复杂。以玉努斯案为转折点,清朝中止了自乾隆二十六年以来对白山派和卓后裔长期持续实行的正确的招抚政策。政策的转变,造成了严重的后患,是道光、咸丰、同治年间新疆持续动乱的重要原因之一。

After the rebellions launched by the Islamic Aktaglik Sect leaders Burhanidin and Hojajahan were quelled,a though cleaning and investigation work was carried out by the Qing government with the principle that 'the sins of the fathers do not redound to the children'.At the same time,offers of amnesty,enlistment,and settlement in Beijing were made to rebels with the intention of eliminating potential threat and achieving a long and peaceful reign in both sides of the Tianshan Mountains.Obviously,Emperor Qianlong's dual-policy of conciliation and punishment was effective.In Emperor Jiaqing's reign,conciliation policy was continually offered to Samusake,one of the descendants of Burhanidin and Hojajahan.When he,together with his wife,children and associates came over,the Qing government was not properly responded,resulting in his withdrawal.In the nineteenth year of Emperor Jiaqing's reign,the complexity of Yunus case led to the quit of the government's conciliation policy towards the descendants of Aktaglik Sect,seeding troubles and worries for later governments and sovereigns.