修辞策略中的“作者”——西汉“孔子作《春秋》”说的话语实践

The “Authorship” in Rhetorical Strategies:the Discourse Practice of “Confucius' Writing The Spring and Autumn Annals” in the Western Han Dynasty

"孔子作《春秋》"说在中国经学历史上兹事体大且历经纷争。在比较诗学的研究视域下,福柯"作者功能"理论为重新讨论西汉时期的相关言述提供了新进路。孔子实际上是以"作者功能"的形式被征用和整合进不同的话语实践之中,为不同的话语意图服务,而这一点可以通过观察具体的修辞策略来加以论析。孟子、董仲舒、司马迁三者有关这一命题的叙述具有不同的修辞特征,体现了不同的话语策动机制。通过对孔子这一至上权威的占用,儒家学者们掌握了《春秋》的解释权,也获取了对君王权力的制衡能量。

The proposition of'Confucius' writing The Spring and Autumn Annals'is of paramount importance and has triggered a series of disputes in the history of Confucian classics.From the view of comparative poetics,Foucault's 'authorship'theory provides us a new approach to review the relevant statements of this proposition during the Western Han period.Confucius was taken and integrated into different discourse practices as the form of author-function to serve different purposes.The efficacy of the authorship was manifested in the form of specific rhetorical strategies.The strategies of Mencius,Dong Zhongshu and Sima Qian accorded with the characteristics of three kinds of oratories,which also presented different discourse mechanisms.By appropriating Confucius as their supreme authority,the scholars obtained the interpretive power of The Spring and Autumn Annals and the power to restrict the imperial throne as well.