对运动员心理选材中几个问题的探讨

Discussion of Some Psychological Aspects in Talent Identification

就运动员心理选材实践中遇到的一些问题进行了讨论。包括:①运动员心理选材目标和心理测量所得结果在时间上的不一致性,前者旨在预测人的潜力,后者由于效度要求,是对当前状况的评价。②从认知心理学研究成果看,优秀运动员在知觉上优于一般运动员或普通人是在其"软件"方面(即信息加工能力),而不是在"硬件"系统(在解剖学基础上表现出的生理机能),因而须考虑提供用以评定信息加工特点的指标。③有关心理测量工具的生态学效度问题。④依据一个短处足以抑制多个长处发挥的"水桶理论",提出运动员心理选材模式应提供排除和否定的临界值。⑤对To-down和Bottom-up两种研究路线进行了讨论,认为当遇到需要解决的实际问题时,依据已有的知识和经验,通过建立新的方法,去一步步地研究,直到最终解决问题的Bottom-up途径,或许是运动员心理选材提高到更高水平阶段所应奉行的操作路线。

Some psychological aspects in talent identification were discussed in this paper including: 1.the aim of talent identification is to select the persons who have potentiality in a special sport,but this is inconsistant with the necessity of validating instruments of psychological measurement;2.based on the findings of cognitive psychology,elite athletes are superior to novices in perception in the 'sofyware' of information processing,but not in the 'hardware'of visual system,so variables of 'software'must be considered in talent identification; 3.the ecological validity of psychological testing instruments must not be ignored;4. as one weakness will be enough to prohibit the full play of many strong points for an athlete, the limited lower value of a variable should be taken;5.both approaches,Top-down and Bottom -up,should be used integratedly in the research of talent identification,but the latter may be more useful in further research.