试论明清时期的守巡道制度

The System of High Rank Local Officials in the Ming and Qing Dynast

明清地方行政都实行省、府、州县三级政府体制。道处于府之上,布按二司之下,似乎为一级政府。其实不然。明清地方行政中的道分为守道和巡道,分别隶属于承宣布政使司、提刑按察使司,是省政府职能部门的派出机构,同时,又兼有监察府州县的职责,统辖成分辖全省之府州县,常驻一地或省城,连同布按二司俗称“监司”。守巡道制度是明清君主高度集权,完善省级政权建设,加强地方行政管理的重要制度,对明清特别是清代的地方行政管理起着重要的督察职能作用,也是明清地方政治制度研究的重要内容。

Ming and Qing Dynasty locality both exercise Province, Prefecture andcounty grade - 3 gavernment system. Dao is higher than Prefecture, and lower than Bu and An two departments, seeming it is one grade gavernment. Actually this is not so. The Dao of Ming and Qing Dynasty locality is dirided into Shou Dao and Xun Dao. They are respectively under the jurisdictian of Cheng Xuan bu Zheng Shi department and Ti xing An Cha Shi department, as an ayency of the Pravincial authorities responsible department. Besides, they have both at the same time function of superising prefecture and County, dominating or being put in charge of prefecture and county of the whole province, residing in one Place or Provincial Capital. They are popularly named 'Supervising Department' together with Bu and An two department. The system of shou Dao and Xun Dao is an important system of Ming and Qing Dynasty monarch hihly centralization of state power, Perfecting provincial regime constraction, strenythening lacality administration, this system have important supervising function to Ming and Qing Dynasty especially to Qing locality administration, and an also important contents of studying Ming and Qing Dynasty locality Polity system.