黄河流域龙山时代陶鬲研究

A STUDY OF THE POTTERY LI TRIPOD OF THE LONGSHAN PERIOD IN THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY

我国的古器物中有一种称之为陶鬲者,其基本特征是似鼎而三空足。随着考古学的发展,这种古器物大量涌现,其重要性也逐渐显露出来,主要表现为流传时间极长,各个文化或不同时代又各有自己的形制和特点,并形成自己独特的群体。正是由于它是一种变化快、反映时代和地域特点强的炊器,因此很自然地成为考古工作者判定某种考古学文化或文化遗存性质及时代的不可多得的器物。早在本世纪四十年代,苏秉琦先生曾以斗鸡台发掘所得之瓦鬲为基本材料,运用标型学方法,将当时所能见到的黄河流域的陶鬲标本进行了较系统的研究,提出了许多独到的见解。

There have been a lot of studies on the origin, variation and distribution of the ancient pottery li tripod. The present paper makes a typological examination of the li unearthed from Longshan period sites in the Yellow River valley, which shows that the li made its first appearance in the middle and lower Yellow River valley, at the Longshan culture sites of the Qiantao (the area of the front section of the Great Yellow River Bend), Taosi, Sanliqiao and Keshengzhuang Ⅱ types. Typologically, there are the double-handled (Type I), single-handled (Type II), double-eared, carinate-legged and flared-legged (Type III) and handleless and even-rimmed (Type V) li. In the Qiantao Longshan culture, the li are mainly of Type I Subtypes C,D and E, each showing its own evolutionary sequence, and also of Type II Subtypes Ae and G. In the Taosi type, the prevailing li belong to Type I Subtypes A, F and G-1 and -2, Type I1 Subtypes Aa,Ab-1 and B-1-3 and Type IV Subtype B-2, of which Type I Subtypes A, F and G and Type II Subtype A are distinguishable in evolutionary law. In the Keshengzhuang II culture, the li are all of Type II, having a jar-shaped belly, and fall into several sub- types. In the Sanliqiao complex, the li belong mostly to Type II Subtype Ab and Type I Subtypes G-2 and -3 (with a few examples of Subtype Fd). In each of the four Long- shah variations, the li tripods have forms typical of their own cultural complex and at the same time bear traces of interaction between these complexes, especially those of the Taosi complex display a great typological variety, which must have resulted from a deep- rooted evolution and formed a distinctive system. On the other hand, all the above four cultural complexes' li exerted influence on the Wangwan, Hougang and Changping Xue- shan complexes of Longshan culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley. In the Shandong Loagshan culture, the Type III Subtypes Aa-1, Ab and B li are surely later than the somewhat earlier forms of li in the above-described four typological groups, so it can be afirmed that they were products of the eastward influence of Longshan culture's li from the middle Yellow River valley, though their direct source is difficult to deter- mine for the time being. In the upper Yellow River valley, the li belong mainly to Type II Subtypes Ae, Af, Dd and Fb and Type III Subtype Aa-3, these are all western varia- tions of the li of the Keshengzhuang II culture or Taosi type Longshan culture. In the light of the evolution of cooking vessels in the Taosi type Longshan culture, the author puts forward that the appearance of the pottery li resulted from the evolution and amalgamation of the fu-and-zao (cauldron and stove) and the pottery jia tripod rather than from the development of the pottery jia alone as some scholars believe. Be- ing a newly-invented cooking vessel, the pottery li was superior to the fu-and-zao in function, so it was constantly used from the Longshan period to the EasternZhou,lasting for almost two thousand years, and even become an important ritual vessel in the Shang and Zhou periods.