内蒙古朱开沟遗址兽骨的鉴定与研究

IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF THE ANIMAL BONES FROM THE ZHUKAIGOU SITE, INNER MONGOLIA

朱开沟遗址位于内蒙古自治区伊克昭盟伊金霍洛旗纳林塔乡的朱开沟村(北纬39°6′,东经110°3′)。内蒙古文物考古研究所对该遗址先后进行了四次发掘,除发现了丰富的文化遗物外,还出土大量的动物骨骼。内蒙古文物考古研究所将全部兽骨送交我们鉴定研究,本文即研究结果。由于田野工作十分严谨,每件骨骼都有编号和准确的层位记录,保证了资料的科学性。鉴定工作得到了内蒙古文物考古研究所田广金所长和郭素新同志的大力支持,特此志谢。一。

Among the animal bones from the Zhukaigou site, Inner Mongolia, the identifiable specimens number 1002, which belong to the pig (Sus domestica), sheep (Ovis sp.), ox (Bos domestica), dog (Canis familiaris), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), goral (Naemorhedus goral), double-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus), badger (Meles meles), leopard (Panthera pardus) and bear (Ursus sp.), altogether 11 species. The total animal bones represent at least 157 individuals. The pig, sheep, ox and dog were domestic animals the Zhukaigou people raised, and the rest must have been wild beasts they hunted. The former, according to the statistic data of the minimum number of individuals represented by the bones, account for 88.65% of the total, while the latter 11.4%. This suggests that the Zhukaigou people were mainly engaged in primitive agriculture, though hunting remained an important means of subsistence. Deer, Oxe. and sheep's limb-bones and antlers were then used to make tools and objects. The material was prepared by sawing and chopping and then wrought by grinding and polishing into needles, awls, arrowheads, spades, etc. Oxen, deer, sheep, camels and bears' scapulae were made oracle bones. The process was first to touch up a bone, then drill and scorch both of its sides for divination. Judged by traces of working, when drilling, a stone drill was fixed to an end of a wooden stick, which was rotated by the operator's rubbing his palms. The cultural deposits of the Zhukaigou site are divided into three periods with five subperiods and dated from the late Longshan culture via the Xia to the early Shang, with the fourth subperiod going back to 3420±70 BP according to ^(14)C dating.