我国管理者的领导行为及其作用机制

Chinese Leaders' Leadership Behavior and Its Mechanism

领导风格,特别是变革型领导和交易型领导,是上个世纪80年代以来领导理论研究的热点问题。本研究采用文献研究、问卷调查和团队焦点访谈等方法,先后调查了6500多名被试,对变革型领导和交易型领导的结构、作用机制进行了研究。结果发现,我国管理者变革型领导结构包括愿景激励、德行垂范、领导魅力和个性化关怀四大要素。变革型领导与PM、家长式领导的比较研究发现,对领导有效性仍然具有额外的解释力;我国文化背景下的交易型领导的结构包括权变奖励、权变惩罚、过程监控和预期投入四个维度,而"预期投入"强调了领导者事先对下属的一种相对隐性的投入,具有明显的我国文化的特色;交易型领导、变革型领导对角色内外绩效、工作满意度以及领导有效性具有正向预测作用,而对离职意向具有负向预测作用;随着下属的职位层级的增高,交易型领导在角色内绩效和离职意向方面影响力减弱,随着下属的收入水平的增高,其作用逐渐减弱,变革型领导的有效性随着职位的升高而增强。

Leadership style,especially transformational leadership and transactional leadership,has become a hot topic in the study of leadership theories since 1980s.Based on literature review,questionnaires,focus group interview and so on,with more than 6500 tes- tees,this study has explored the structure and mechanism of transformational and transactional leadership.The findings are that the structure of transformational leaderships includes four dements,namely,vision encouragement,moral modeling,charisma and individ- ual consideration.'Moral modeling'stresses the modeling influence of the leader's own behavior on his employees,while'individual consideration'also includes the leader's consideration on his employee's individual life and family.The comparison between trans- formational leadership,PM and paternalistic leadership tells us that there are still other explanations to leadership effectiveness.The structure of transactional leadership,under the background of Chinese culture,includes the four dimensions of contingency reward, contingency punishment,procedure control and expected investment.'expected investment'stresses the comparatively implicit in- vestment of the leader into his employees in advance,which is of Chinese characteristics.Transactional leadership and transformation- al leadership have forward prediction to the performance within or out of the role,to the degree of job satisfaction and to the leader- ship effectiveness,but have backward prediction to the intention to quit.With the promotion of the employee's positions,the influ- ence of transactional leadership,in terms of performance within the role and the intention to quit,will decrease;with the improvement of the employee's income,its function will be reduced gradually;the effectiveness of transformational leadership will be enhanced with the promotion of the positions.