中国民族医药传承危机研究

On the Crisis of Transmission of Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge in China

本文基于大量实地调查,并采用民族生物学和文化人类学的方法,本文主要针对贵州、四川、内蒙古、西藏等地的侗医药、苗医药、彝医药、蒙医药、藏医药等,对民族医药的传承机制及趋势进行了深入研究.研究发现:民族医药主要有祖传、师传、自学和学院教育等4种传承机制.影响民族医药传承危机的主要因素有:传承人老龄化,潜在传承人数量锐减,现代文化的冲击,特别是少数民族的习惯法、语言文字以及传承机制等内部根源.研究还发现,在宏观政策的推动下,民族医药传承机制可以从传统传承(祖传、师传为主的传承方式)向现代传承(以学院教育为主)转变.

Based on a lot of field surveys and by use of methodologies of Ethno-biology and Anthropology,this paper focuses the mechanism and trends of transmission and inheritance of indigenous medical knowledge(IMK) of the ethnic groups of Dong,Miao,Yi,Mongolian and Tibetan in China.This study finds that there are four mechanisms for IMK transmitting or inheriting,namely,(1) handing down in the family from generation to generation,(2) transmitting from master or teacher to prentice and they are not relatives,(3) self study,and(4) college education.The study further reveals that the main factors of crisis of IMK transmission are that(1) older age of the prentices,(2) decrease of the potential prentices and(3) modern culture's introduction,especially the intrinsic impacts from customary laws,languages and mechanisms of IMK transmission.Also this paper proposes that the traditional IMK transmission(family and master transmissions) can be changed into modern transmission(college education) by a promotion of policy guidance.