愚人之争视野下的霍布斯自然法学说新解

New Interpretation of Hobbes's Theory of Natural Law via the Quarrel with the Fool

霍布斯在《利维坦》中对一些反对自然法的所谓"愚人"的意见的批评,恰恰构成了重新理解霍布斯的自然法学说的重要突破口。霍布斯与"愚人"的关键差异在于,"愚人"奉行一种"事事行为模式",而霍布斯主张的是"规则行为模式"。规则行为模式的合理性必须以一种特殊的平等——所谓前提才能得到证明,而霍布斯的自然法学说恰恰就显示出了这种独特的平等。霍布斯的自然法学说恰恰以平等为前提并且要求平等的对待,这种自然法所追求的目的是和平,但它只适合于一种事先人人都平等或者都相信自己处于平等之中的情况,而自然则要求人们确认和接受这种平等,并且以平等的方式放弃权利。

In Leviathan,Hobbes's criticism to the 'fools' against natural law precisely constitutes a new breakthrough to understand his natural law theory.The key difference between Hobbes and the fool is that the fools pursued 'act by act pattern' while Hobbes argued on 'act by rule pattern'.The 'act by rule pattern' could not be justified without a special kind of equality.Hobbes's natural law theory just presents that equality.Equality is the premise of his natural law theory that requires equal treatment.This kind of natural law intended to recover peace only when people believe that they are all in equal situation.In response to the natural law,people recognize and accept this kind of equality and give up their rights with equality.