影响母兔繁殖性能的主要因素

The Main Factors Affecting the Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does

本文对影响母兔繁殖性能的主要因素进行了综述。在过去15年中,虽然兔场通过加强饲养管理和遗传选择获得了一定盈利,但与此同时,也引发了一系列与动物福利相关的问题。母兔每年的更新率和死亡率非常高,被更换的母兔通常表现出体况较差和亚健康状态。本文对胎次、产仔数、品种、断奶日龄和繁殖模式对母兔繁殖性能与福利问题的影响及相关影响机制进行了讨论。母兔大量泌乳消耗高能量,从而导致其体内脂肪分解最终引起机体能量负平衡。在目前的繁殖模式中,哺乳期和妊娠期之间存在较大的重叠,由此产生的能量和激素的拮抗会降低母兔的繁殖力和使用年限。为了缓解上述问题,需要综合考虑各种策略进而提出一种更行之有效的方法。由于遗传和环境因素对母兔的影响相对固定,因此,采用一种更能适应母兔生理机能的繁殖模式是提高母兔福利的最有效方法。

This paper reviews the main factors affecting the reproductive performance of rabbit does. In the last15 years the profitability of rabbit farms has increased mainly due to improvements in management and genetic selection but several problems related to animal welfare have also occurred. The replacement and the mortality rates of female per year are very high and the replaced does often show poor body condition and poor health sta.tus. The effect of kindling order, litter size, genetic strain, weaning age and reproductive rhythm on the repro.ductive performance and welfare of females and mechanisms implicated in these effects are discussed. The rab.bit doe of modern strains produces a lot of milk with high energetic value, which leads to a mobilization of body fat resulting in a negative energy balance. In the current reproductive rhythms, there is an extensive overlap be.tween lactation and gestation. The resulting energetic and hormonal antagonism reduces the fertility rate and lifespan of the doe. Strategies to optimize these parameters are discussed. An approach that combines various strategies seems to be required to meet these objectives. Since the factors involved in this system are predeter.mined(genetic strain, environment) the most powerful way to improve doe welfare is to choose a reproductive rhythm more adapted to the physiology of the does.