宋末元初文人书法取法观念的流变及对二王笔法的探寻

Calligraphy fashions at the turn of Song and Yuan Dynasty and the exploration of the Wangs' calligraphy

元代兴起了书法复古潮流,其核心问题是推崇二王、向二王笔法回归。学习书法最主要的途径是取法历代名家,临摹经典作品,不同的取法对象常常对应着不同的书学观和不同的书法风格、审美趣味的追求。从南宋中后期到元初,文人们的书法取法观念发生了变化,从晋唐并立、由唐溯王转变为直取二王。但由于条件的限制,元人无法掌握可靠的魏晋书法资源,在对二王笔法的探寻上陷入了误区,虽作出了王羲之用笔内擫、王献之用笔外拓的总结,但并没有阐述清楚究竟何为二王笔法。书法复古潮流的最终结果是以向二王书法回归的名义造就了赵孟頫的形象,赵孟頫书法成为二王笔法的样板,成为元人竞相学习的对象,改变了复古潮流所提倡的直取二王的初衷,出现了实践与观念偏离的现象。

Calligraphers in the Yuan Dynasty advocated reverting to old ways,in particular,the Wangs'calligraphy.Calligraphy learners copy the works of famous calligraphers,so whose works they choose to copy often shows their preference to a specific style.At the turn of Song and Yuan Dynasty,the Wangs'calligraphic works were fascinated by literary men.However,the shortage of written records prevented them from forming an accurate picture of the Wangs'calligraphy regardless of some trivial findings.The outcome of the trend was the rise and success of Zhao Mengfu whose calligraphy was considered a model and copied by Yuan people.This phenomenon shows the irrelevance of the practice to the intention.