统一以来德国外交政策“正常化”的概念

The Concept of“Normality”in German Foreign Policy since Unification

在本文中,我检验了关于统一以来德国外交政策争论中的"正常化"这一概念的使用。在20世纪90年代初,诸如尤根·哈贝马斯等左翼知识分子倾向于批判"正常化"这一理念,转而偏好一种基于对以往纳粹时期所应承担责任的德国例外主义的形式。一种建立在"正常化"理念基础之上的外交政策首先与频繁使用军事力量相关,这一点恰恰是右翼所提倡而左翼所反对的。因此,"正常化"成为了联盟能力的同义词。然而,在20世纪90年代中期,例如埃贡·巴尔等一些社会民主党人开始使用"正常化"这一概念来指代一种建立在主权以及追求国家利益的基础之上的外交政策。在德国已经出现针对这一外交政策"正常化"的现实主义解读,并形成共识,但这并不足以捕捉到统一以来联邦共和国在外交政策领域的复杂转变。

In this paper I examine the use of the concept of'normality'in debates about German foreign policy since unification. In the early 1990 s,left- wing intellectuals such as Jürgen Habermas tended to criticize the idea of'normality'in favor of a form of German exceptionalism based on responsibility for the Nazi past. A foreign policy based on the idea of 'normality'was associated above all with the greater use of military force,which the right advocated and the left opposed. Thus,'normality'became a synonym for Bündnisfhigkeit.Yet,from the mid 1990 s onwards,some Social Democrats such as Egon Bahr began to use the concept of'normality'to refer instead to a foreign policy based on sovereignty and the pursuit of national interests. Although a consensus has now emerged in Germany around this realist definition of foreign- policy'normality',it is inadequate to capture the complex shift in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic since unification.