我国少数民族语言田野调查记录的伦理问题

Moral Issues in Field Survey of Chinese Ethnic Minority Languages

当代少数民族语言田野调查记录已经不是单纯的耳听手记收集字、词、句材料,而要充分记录语言族群生活中的言语事件和言语实践。记录手段、内容、成果形式和传播途径也多样化。田野调查记录活动涉及族群文化敏感、社区禁忌、族群内务、说话人隐私、相关权益等伦理问题。当前我国少数民族语言田野调查记录的伦理缺失主要表现在:触犯族群文化敏感和行为禁忌,对语言社区资源缺乏珍惜,忽视发音人和说话人的知识产权,语言报告中泄露和传播语言族群个人和群体隐私信息,未经许可采用暗访、暗记、偷录和偷拍获取语言材料,不当支付酬金等等。当前应尽快建立少数民族语言田野调查记录的伦理准则,推动少数民族语言调查研究的健康发展。

While conducting modern field survey of ethnic minority languages,we are no longer confined to collecting data of characters,words and sentences through hearing and seeing,and we should comprehensively record linguistic incidents and practice of the target language groups.There is a feature of diversity in recording ways,contents,forms of achievement and dissemination means.In field survey,the recording activities involve moral issues such as cultural sensitivities,community taboos,internal affairs,speaker's privacy,and relevant rights of the very group.In present field survey of ethnic minority languages,the moral negligence in recording are mainly:offending cultural sensitivity and behavior taboos of the very group,not valuing language community resources,neglecting articulators or speakers' intellectual property,disclosing and spreading individual and group's private information in language report,secretly interviewing,recording,shooting and capturing language materials without permission,improper monetary reward payment,etc.We should establish moral principles for data collection in field survey of ethnic minority languages,and promote healthy development of field survey of ethnic minority languages.