试释《太平寰宇记》所载黔州“控临番十五种落”

An Interpretation of Qian Zhou Kong Lin Fan Shi Wu Zhong Luo in District Records During Tai Ping Xing Guo Period

唐宋时期中央王朝对"黔中道"(主要在今贵州省境)没能进行有效管理,因此长期以来,这一地区唐宋时期的历史情况相当模糊,学者对该地区的民族状况也颇难梳理出一个脉络。笔者据宋初撰写的《太平寰宇记》黔州所载其所"控临番十五种落"进行了深入的探讨,上溯下连,大致梳理出了唐宋时期"黔中道"的民族概况:在唐初可以说是仡佬族先民——牂牁蛮、柯蛮、葛僚、尚抽、勃傩、白虎各族的天下。唐中期昆明之裔的乌蛮六部自滇东向黔西及黔南发展,"侵地数千里",牂牁蛮大受削弱。五代末,布依族先民——提和俚人从桂北进入黔南,也占去仡佬族先民不少住地。原已居住在黔东南之侗族先民——蛮蜒在唐代也有较大发展,后更向北进入黔州。苗族先民没夷虽在唐代仅居五溪上游,但在宋代却向西有较大发展,其中田氏、冉氏也在黔东北日益壮大。而属于仡佬族先民的柯蛮和自蜀南迁居黔北的葛僚杨氏在宋代都有所发展,但自元明以后日益衰落,逐渐在贵州世居民族中从人数最大降为最少。

The central dynasty was inefficiently in charge of Qian Zhong Dao(mainly in Guizhou Province today) in Tang and Song Dynasties. The scholars,therefore,were hard to understand the nationality conditions which were quite dim in this area for a long time. This paper makes a deep discussion according to Kong Lin Fan Shi Wu Zhong Luo in Qian Zhou recorded in District Records During Tai Ping Xing Guo Period which was written in early Song Dynasty, and approximately describes the general situation of the nationalities in Qian Zhong Dao in Tang and Song Dynasties. The ancestors of Gelao nationality——Zang Ke Man, Ke Man, Ge Lao, Shang Chou, Bo Nuo and Bai Hu were the main nationalities in Qian Zhong Dao in Tang Dynasty. Six tribes of Wu Man who were the descendants of Kun Ming migrated from eastern Yunnan to southwestern Guizhou in middle Tang Dynasty,and occupied the land for thousands of miles,which weakened Zang Ke Man severely. In late Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period,the ancestors of Buyi nationality——Ti Yi and Li Ren who also occupied some land of the ancestors of gelao nationality migrated from northern Jiangxi to southern Guizhou. The ancestors of Dong nationality——Man Dan who dwelled in southeastern Guizhou developed and strengthened as well,and expanded northwards to Qian Zhou later in Tang Dynasty. The ancestors of Miao nationality ——Mo Yi dwelled in the upstream of Wuxi in Tang Dynasty, but expanded westwards in Song Dynasty. Meanwhile, Tian Shi and Ran Shi strengthened in northeastern Guizhou. Ke Man,the ancestors of Gelao nationality,and Ge Lao Yang Shi who migrated from southern Sichuan to Northern Guizhou,both strengthened in Song Dynasty,however,they gradually waned from Yuan and Ming Dynasty,which the population decreased gradually from the maximum to the minimum in the native nationalities in Guizhou.