美俄空间碎片减控国内立法比较研究

Comparative Study on Legal System on Reduction and Control of Space Debris Of America Mode and Russia Mode

空间碎片减控对保证航天器飞行安全及维护人类空间活动秩序意义重大。空间碎片减控立法,是指为减少空间碎片形成以及防止空间碎片对航天器损害而确立的法律制度,其内容包括责权组织机制、约束许可机制、预警防控机制、资源保障机制和责任追究机制等五大方面。空间碎片减控的国内立法主要分为美国模式与俄罗斯模式两种。美国模式以分权制为主要特征,法律规范涵盖了国会立法、联邦法规、司法判例等各个层面,其立法技术十分高超,法律实践也十分丰富,具有很高的立法质量。俄罗斯模式以集权制为主要特征,法律层面重在进行概括性和指导性的规定,具体层面则由技术标准进行明确、专门的规制。美俄两国的立法模式都对中国具有十分重要的借鉴意义。

The decrease and control of space debris is of great importance for the flight safety of spacecraft and space activity of human. The Legal Mechanism of Space Debris Mitigation is the law and rule mode in order for the decrease of space debris generation and protection of spacecraft from space debris. The study of Legal Mechanism of Space Debris Mitigation includes five mechanisms of duty and right organizations, constraint and admission, pre-warning and protection, resource guarantee, and liability investigation. The interior lawmaking about the mitigation of space debris can mainly be divided into America mode and Russia mode. The America mode is characteristic of system of decentralization, and its legal norm contains different aspects of congress lawmaking, federal regulations and judicial precedent by excellent legislative technique, rich legal practice and high lawmaking quality. And Russia one is characteristic of system of centralization, with the emphasis on generality and guidance at law lay, and is restricted and regulated clearly and specially by technical standards.