汉语句式的跨语言观——“把”字句与逆被动态关系商榷

Chinese Syntax from a Cross-linguistic Perspective:A Case Study on the Relation between “Ba”-construction and Antipassive

文章针对叶狂和潘海华(2012b)试图证明"把"字句是平行于作格语言逆被动句的说法提出事实和理论两方面不同的意见。首先用事实说明汉语的"把"字句不一定是针对宾语的一种句法操作,然后分别从句法成分和论元角色两个角度论证"把"字的宾语也不一定是句法降级,从参与者、影响性、有定性等几个方面论证了"把"字句的高及物性。此后,文章在吕叔湘(1987)的基础上提出进一步的证据论述汉语不是作格语言,讨论了受格与作格选择的话语功能动因,揭示了被动式与逆被动在各自所处的语法系统中分别是一种什么性质的语法过程。与被动态和逆被动态进行全方位比较,汉语"把"字句各方面的句法语义特征都与这两种语法过程渺不相涉。通过汉语"把"字句的实际运用统计观察,得出"把"字句在汉语中系统性价值的结论。

Contrary to Ye & Pan's(2012b)view of'ba'(把)-construction as being parallel to antipassive in ergative language,the article holds that the structure in question is first of all not necessarily a syntactic operation on object and that the object of'ba'does not have to be the result of syntactic demotion as could be seen from either the perspective of syntactic constituents or argument roles.In addition,'ba'-construction is also a highly transitive clause-type in terms of the participants,the affectedness of O and the definiteness of O.Based on Lü(1987),further evidence has been presented to demonstrate that Chinese is not an ergative language.And after the discussion of the discourse motivation of accusativity and ergativity,the properties of passive and antipassive are further revealed,all of which have nothing in common with'ba'-construction.In summary,'ba'-construction is indeed in tune with the general features of Chinese grammar system.