因信称义:从马丁·路德到芬兰学派

The Doctrine of Justification by Faith: from Martin Luther to the Finnish School

因信称义是信义宗信仰的核心和共同基础。马丁·路德在反对天主教会的斗争中最早确立因信称义,但是由于路德的继任者梅兰希顿个人温和的性格与天主教会和解的需要,他在信义宗的《信纲》中对路德的思想有所保留。梅兰希顿的诠释在20世纪70年代再次受到芬兰学派的挑战,他们批评梅兰希顿对"称义"的理解偏重法庭性称义而忽略了效果性称义,这违背了路德的原意。通过对"基督就在信本身之中"的诠释,芬兰学派试图弥合梅兰希顿思想中"称义"和"成圣"之间的差异。事实上,路德关于因信称义的思想也有一个动态的发展过程,梅兰希顿和芬兰学派只是对路德不同时期思想的诠释。

The doctrine of Justification by Faith is the foundation of the Lutheran Church. It was gradually established by MartinLuther, when he objected to the Roman Catholic Church. Philipp Melanchthon, Luther's successor, insisted on the doctrine in the Augsburg Confession, but he reserved judgment on Luther's view due to his gentle personality and the need of reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church at that time. The Finnish School criticized that Melanchthon had stressed the forensic and judicial side of the Justification and neglected the effective side. Tuomo Mannermaa, the Father of the Finnish School, connected the Lutheran doctrine of Justification to the patristic-Orthodox doctrine of Divinization by means of interpreting a Luther's comment on the Galatians that Christ is really present in faith itself, emphasizing on both sides of the Justification by Faith. In fact, the theory of Martin Luther is a dynamic developing process. Melanchthon and the Finnish School's interpretation belong to different periods of Luther's theory.