辽西‘富士’苹果CND法营养诊断研究

Nutrient diagnosis of ‘Fuji'Apple in west Liaoning Province using compositional nutrient diagnosis(CND) method

【目的】辽西地区‘富士’苹果的栽培面积和产量占辽宁省较大比例,但其施肥管理缺乏科学理论依据,本研究采用Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis(CND)法对辽西‘富士’果园的营养状况开展叶片分析研究,初步探明辽西地区‘富士’果园营养状况,指导果园施肥管理。【方法】以86个有代表性的‘富士’苹果园为研究试材,测定了果园产量,果实品质以及叶片中氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)元素的含量。采用CND法对高生产水平果园进行划分,并对低产水平果园进行营养诊断。采用CND法对高产果园产量划分标准临界值进行确定;对果实品质的划分标准进行确定:第一,对果实品质的6个指标进行归一化;第二,对6个指标进行主成分分析,得到6个指标的综合评价得分;第三,采用CND法对果实品质综合得分进行划分,得到果实品质的划分标准临界值;选择同时满足产量和品质划分标准临界值的果园,结合专家咨询法,确定高生产水平果园的划分标准。根据高生产水平果园的营养状况确定CND法标准参比值,并以此为基础进行叶营养诊断,得到辽西‘富士’果园的叶营养状况。针对叶营养状况进行土壤营养丰缺状况的分析,得到辽西‘富士’果园的营养状况的整体情况。【结果】根据CND法的叶分析可以得到:高生产水平果园的产量划分临界值为44.556t/hm2,品质评价综合得分的划分临界值为0.792,辽西地区满足此条件的果园有13个,占总体采样园的15.12%;不同营养元素CND法叶标准参比值为:V*N=2.776,V*P=0.212,V*K=1.884,V*Ca=2.042,V*Mg=0.814,V*Fe=-2.470,V*Cu=-5.090,V*Mn=-2.631,V*Zn=-3.867,V*R=6.330;SD*N=0.173,SD*P=0.144,SD*K=0.155,SD*Ca=0.266,SD*Mg=0.307,SD*Fe=0.189,SD*Cu=0.474,SD*Mn=0.467,SD*Zn=0.325,SD*R=0.134;辽西‘富士’苹果低生产水平果园需肥顺序为:Fe>Mn>P>N>Ca>K>Cu>Zn>Mg。【结论】CND法使叶分析研究可同时考虑果园产量和果实品质。以此方法进行分析,辽西地区高生产水平果园的产量划分临界值为38.451 t/hm2,品质评价综合得分的划分临界值为0.792,辽西地区满足此条件的果园有13个,仅占总体采样园的15.12%;辽西地区‘富士’苹果的树体营养状况表现为Fe、Mn、P和N元素缺乏;土壤丰缺状况表现为Fe、Mn元素含量适宜,N、P元素缺乏;建议辽西‘富士’低生产水平果园的N、P、K施用采用少量多次原则,适当增加Fe、Mn元素叶面肥的施用。

【Objectives】The cultivation areas and yields of ' Fuji' apples in west Liaoning Province account for a larger proportion of the total apple production in Liaoning Province. The fertilizer managements are deficient in scientific base. The Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis method( CND) is preliminary used for the study of the status of ‘Fuji'apple nutrition in west Liaoning Province,and provides a guide for the orchards fertilization management.【Methods】Eighty six representative apple orchards were selected,the yields,fruit qualities and contents of nitrogen( N) 、phosphorus( P) 、potassium( K) 、calcium( Ca) 、magnesium( Mg) 、iron( Fe) 、copper( Cu) 、manganese( Mn) 、zinc( Zn) were measured. The CND method was adopted for dividing the samples into high and low production level subpopulation,and bringing the low production level subpopulation nutrient diagnosis into force. The yield cutoff value of high production level subpopulation was confirmed by CND,and the procedures of fruit quality evaluation composite scores cutoff value were as follows: firstly,the six indexes of fruit quality were normalized; secondly,the principal component analysis was carried out on the six indexes,composite evaluation scores of six indexes were determined; thirdly,by the method of CND,fruit quality composite evaluation scores cutoff value was obtained. Orchards which met with the CND and expert consultation method standards of yield and quality cutoff values at the same time were separated from the samples. CND norms were calculated according to the high level production subpopulation nutritional status. Based on which,leaf nutrient diagnosis was put into effect,and the condition of nutrient was present. 【Results】The leaf analysis with CND indicated that yield cutoff value of the high production level subpopulation was 44. 556 t / ha,the fruit quality evaluation composite scores cutoff value was 0. 792. There were 13 orchards which met the conditions,accounting for 15. 12% of the total orchards. The CND norms were VN*= 2. 776,VP*= 0. 212,VK*= 1. 884,VCa*= 2. 042,VMg*= 0. 814,VFe*=- 2. 470,VCu*=- 5. 090,VMn*=- 2. 631,VZn*=- 3. 867,VR*= 6. 330; SDN*= 0. 173,SDP*= 0. 144,SDK*= 0.155,SDCa*= 0. 266,SDMg*= 0. 307,SDFe*= 0. 189,SDCu*= 0. 474,SDMn*= 0. 467,SDZn*= 0. 325,SDR*= 0. 134; the low level production subpopulation fertilizer orders were Fe > Mn > P > N > Ca > K > Cu >Zn > Mg. 【Conclusions 】 The leaf analysis is established on the yield and fruit quality with CND. The investigation results obtained using the method show that in west Liaoning Province,the criteria for high yield is 38.451 t / ha,for good fruit quality is 0. 792. The number of orchards meet the two criteria is 13,only accounting for the 15. 12% of the total orchards. In ‘Fuji'apple of west Liaoning Province,Fe,Mn,P and N are in deficiency;soil available Fe and Mn contents are appropriate,soil N and P are deficient. Therefore,N and P fertilizers are recommended to be applied in small amount and several times,Fe and Mn could be foliar sprayed appropriately in the apple production of west Liaoning Province.