摘要
我国耕地后备资源极端缺乏,改良低产田是提高粮食产量的重要途径。低产水稻土作为低产田的重要组成部分,相关肥力特征及其改良技术研究比较零散,缺乏系统科学的调控管理策略。本文从低产水稻土类型、新的改良研究方法角度,探索可能的技术突破。基于农业部统计数据,因环境条件不良或土壤自身存在障碍因素,全国约有7.67×106hm2低产水稻土。按其主导成因,低产水稻土可分为冷潜型、粘结型、沉板型、毒质型四类。土壤质量评价是低产水稻土研究的重要方面,其评价方法主要包括土壤质量动力学法、土壤质量综合评分法、多变量指标克立格法、土壤相对质量评价法,现已发展了基于GIS的区域尺度水稻土质量评价方法,以及基于土壤生物学性状的质量评价方法。低产水稻土改良研究更多关注新技术和新方法,稳定性同位素探针技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)和固相交叉极化魔角自旋13C核磁共振(CPMS13C-NMR)波谱技术的应用,将土壤有机碳的微团聚体分布、腐殖质的转化及其与土壤矿物结合机制深入到微观水平;同时高通量测序、土壤宏基因组学、宏转录组学等方法将相关研究推向分子水平。低产水稻土改良与管理的技术主要涉及到冷潜型、粘结型、沉板型、毒质型四大类低产水稻土的改良技术,基于产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥方法是水稻土养分管理方法的重要发展方向。1)在低产水稻土质量评价方面,未来要结合不同低产类型的障碍因素开展个性化的土壤质量评价,如白土的质地和耕层厚度,加强引入土壤生物学指标进行土壤质量评价研究。2)在低产水稻土改良方面,要研究稻田障碍层次的形成机理与调控途径;研究其他低产类型如新垦水稻土、盐渍化水稻土、石灰化水稻土和污染水稻土的改良技术;研究长期改良措施对不同粒级团聚体腐殖质结构、酶类、微生物多样性和功能基因的影响。3)在低产水稻土管理方面,着重研究秸秆还田技术、推荐施肥技术、抗逆品种技术、群体控制技术。
The land reserves which can be potentially opened for farming purpose are extremely limited in China,the amelioration of farmlands with low productivity plays all important roles in the grain production increment. Low- yield rice paddy soils constitute high proportion in the total low fertility soils,many studies have been carried out to investigate their fertility characteristics and effective technologies for their improvements. However, these researches are scattered,lack of systematic integration,have not formed strategic management rules. Therefore,the types of low yield rice paddy soils, the novel technologies and approaches are reviewed, and the possible technological breakthrough is proposed. According to the data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Peoples 'Republic of China,there are about 7. 67 × 107 ha low- yield rice paddy soil nationwide,which can be divided into four major groups: cold- gleyed paddy soil,bonded paddy soil,harden paddy soil and contaminated paddy soil,according to their intrinsic constraints or detrimental condition. The soil quality assessment was crucial for chosingsuitable improving method of low- yield rice paddy soil. Four approaches were commonly used to evaluate soil quality: dynamics method,integrated scoring method,multiple- variable indicator kring( MVIK) method,and relative quality method. Basically,the soil quality assessments are based on the employment of GIS and the soil biological properties. Through the use of new technologies including isotope probing,fourier transform infrared spectoroscopy( FTIR) and CPMS13C- NMR spectra,the analyses of soil organic C distribution in micro-aggregate,humus transformation and their binding mechanism with soil minerals have been deep into micro- level.Meanwhile,the application of new analytic methods such as high- throughput sequencing,soil macro genomics and macro transcriptome also made the relative researches to molecular level. Rrecommended fertilization based on yield response and agronomy efficiency will continually to be the core of nutrient management of paddy fields for exploring the yield increase potentials. For the assessment of soil quality,specific researches are still needed for individual limiting factors in different low- yield paddy soils. The criteria of soil biological properties are also need to be strengthened in the assessment of soil quality. For the amelioration of the low- yield paddy soils,studies related to the forming mechanism of soil barrier and the corresponding amendment ways still need to be carried out. The reformation of other types of low- yield paddy soils including new- reclaimed, salinized, calcified and contaminated paddy fields are also need concerning. The effects of long- term amendments on soil humus structure,enzymes,microbial diversity and functional gene in aggregate level are always need to be traced.Technologies including crop residue incorporation,recommended fertilization,selectivity of resistant cultivars and mass control deserve focused in agricultural management of low- yield rice paddy soil.
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第2期509-516,共8页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201003016)
国家重点基础研究发展计划课题(2013CB127405)资助
关键词
低产水稻土
改良
策略
low-yield paddy soils
reclamation
strategy