论精神分析实践和艺术实践

On the Psychoanalytical Practice and the Artistic Practice

《给非哲学家的哲学入门》是阿尔都塞晚年总结性的著作,2014年1月由法国大学出版社整理出版。本文译自该著第14、15章。在这两章中,阿尔都塞以最简洁的方式概括了精神分析实践的发现和它面临的发展困境,并探讨了精神分析实践给美学理论带来的巨大影响。阿尔都塞认为:精神分析在意识形态和哲学中带来了一些不可思议的后果,因为在整个意识形态领域和资产阶级的宗教哲学、道德哲学、法律哲学领域,在整个关于意识和主体的哲学领域,精神分析理论真正进行了一场"哥白尼式的革命"。在弗洛伊德之前,人们认为人身上的一切绕着他的意识转,人的本质是意识,而弗洛伊德迫使人们了解到,意识只不过是一种派生的效果,人类的意识是绕着无意识"转"的。在思想史上,唯一能与弗洛伊德对"心理人"的这种批判相比的,只有马克思对"经济人"的批判。阿尔都塞还考察了精神分析的持续存在对审美实践和美学理论产生的深刻影响。他指出,正如在其他实践中一样,审美实践远不仅仅是美的创造者的行为,它在抽象的社会关系制约下展开,而这些关系不仅仅是定义美的种种标准,而且还是意识形态的阶级斗争关系。艺术,在它实现奇迹即给人们带来愉悦的同时,也能够鼓励那种关于纯洁性、美和绝对自主的意识形态,而这种意识形态对知识分子来说充当了统治阶级不在现场的证明。

Initiation à la philosophie pour les non-philosophes,published by Presses Universitaires de France( January 2014),is one of Althusser's most important works. The present article is Chapters 14 and 15 of the book. In these two chapters,Althusser outlined psychoanalytical practice and showed its difficulties. He also discussed the influences that the psychoanalytical practice had on the practice and theory of arts. For Althusser,the analysis produced prodigious effects in the ideology and the philosophy,which he described as a real 'Copernican reversal. ' Before Freud, everything in the man is believed to work in his consciousness,and the essence of man is the consciousness. Freud imposed the truth that the consciousness was only a derived effect,and that the human consciousness'turned'around the unconscious. In the history of the ideas,this Freudian criticism of'the psychological man'is comparable only to the Marxist criticism of'the economic man'( the man defined by his economic needs). Althusser also discussed the profound effects that the psychoanalysis had on artistic practice and aesthetic theory.Aesthetic practice for Althusser is far from being a pure creation of beauty,but takes place under abstract social relationships,which are not only the standards that defines the beauty,but also the ideological relationships of class struggle. Arts,apart from the marvels of pleasure,can encourage an ideology of the purity,the beauty and the absolute autonomy,which is of use to the intellectuals as alibi for the dominating classes.