从“自然”到“如自然”——对生态批评研究对象的再反思

From “Nature” to “Nature-as-such” : A Reflection on the Object of Ecocriticism

生态批评面对的自然是"如自然",也就是基于作品内在整体性观念而描绘出的自然世界,"如自然"是一个介于抽象的自然观念与现实世界里的实体性自然之间的概念。生态批评的任务是通过阐释作品中自然事物被描述和展现的方式来理解作品中先在的整体性自然观,同时也阐释作品中的先在自然观如何影响着自然事物被感知的经验以及对人显现的方式。"如自然"这个概念的提出可以使生态批评从以自然环境对批评对象的第一次浪潮,以及作为被文化建构之物的自然的第二次浪潮中走出,进入到存在的层面理解人与自然的关系,拓展生态批评的适用领域。

What ecocriticism studies is not 'nature ' as material and substantial environment but 'nature-as-such ' that appearances in literary works. 'Nature-as-such ' is a conception between abstract idea and physical reality which could be understood by the way how natural things are described in literary works,and it could be used to explain how natural things are experienced in the real world. The conception of'nature-as-such'leads eco-criticism to step out of the first and the second wave in criticism which takes nature either as substantial environment or cultural construction,and enables ecocriticism to explain the relation between man and nature on ontological level.