博士就业的多元化趋势及其政策应对——一个跨国比较的分析

Employment Diversity of Ph.D. Recipients and its Policy Reaction: A Cross-national Comparison

传统上,研究型博士教育的宗旨是培养学术研究人才。但自20世纪80年代以来,在美国、德国、法国、英国、日本等世界主要的博士生教育大国中,博士到学术界之外就业的比例越来越高,工程科学领域尤为明显。博士就业的多元化成为世界性的趋势,博士研究生教育与传统上学术职业之间的联系正在逐渐解耦。虽然中国的博士生教育起步较晚,但研究型博士的授予规模在2012年超越美国跃居世界第一,在规模的急剧扩张之后,到高校、科研院所之外就业的博士比例也逐渐增高。这些趋势对传统的博士生培养模式提出了诸多挑战,世界各国也出台了一些应对措施,如稳定博士规模、培养可迁移的技能、跟踪博士就业状况,等等。

Traditionally, research doctoral education aims at training scholars or researchers, however, since1980 s the percentage of Ph.D. recipients employed in non-academic sectors in the main countries, such as USA,German, France, Britain, Japan and etc., has been increasing and in particular in Engineering fields. The employment diversity of Ph.D. recipients has been a worldwide tendency and the traditional relationship between doctoral education and academic profession is decoupled. Although China starts its doctoral education vey late, it is the world leader in producing Ph Ds. The ratio of Ph.D. recipients working outside HEIs & research institutes has been increasing after the astonishing expansion of the scale of doctoral education. There have been challenges to doctoral training owing to the employment diversity, and the related policy measures have been issued, such as control the quantity of doctoral education, training the transferrable skills of Ph.D., follow the employment situation of Ph.D. and etc.