不同免耕覆盖栽培模式对云南春马铃薯适应季节性干旱的影响

The Adaption of Spring-Sown Potatoes to Seasonal Droughts as Affected by Different Patterns of No-tillage With Mulch Cultivation in Yunnan

为降低云南冬春干旱给旱区农作物带来的农业损失,在云南省马铃薯种植面积较大的曲靖市开展了免耕覆盖栽培试验,试验设置了5种处理:翻耕种植(CK)、翻耕地膜覆盖(处理2)、免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖(处理3)、免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖+宽行地膜覆盖(处理4)、免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖+套种玉米(处理5),分析不同处理对耕层土壤含水率、土壤储水量、马铃薯出苗率、农艺性状和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行评价。结果表明:马铃薯主要生育期覆盖栽培模式的耕层土壤含水率和土壤储水量都高于CK;覆盖栽培模式的马铃薯出苗率均显著高于CK,处理4的马铃薯出苗率最高,为96.7%。处理4和处理5马铃薯株高与CK及常规种植模式处理2差异显著;处理3、处理4和处理5马铃薯地上部生物量显著高于CK及常规种植模式处理2;处理3和处理4马铃薯商品率显著高于CK,处理4和处理5马铃薯商品率与常规种植模式处理2差异显著;单株结薯数未达到显著水平。马铃薯增产顺序依次为:处理4>处理3>处理2>处理5,其中处理4增产率最高为71.10%。从经济效益来看,5种处理中马铃薯收益最好的是处理4,净收益为12425.07元hm-2,常规种植模式处理2净收益为765.04元hm-2,处理1净收益最低,亏损5941.24元hm-2。综合考虑,马铃薯免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖栽培模式对提高土壤含水率(5.67%)、增加土壤储水量(4.09 m3hm-2)、缓解季节性干旱效果最好,免耕+玉米秸秆覆盖+宽行地膜覆盖栽培模式增产和增效效果最好。

To reduce agricultura l loss caused by droughts during winter to spring in the arid regions of Yunnan province, no-tillage with mulch cultivation was carried out in Qujing of Yunnan province, where planted with potatoes for most of areas. Five kinds of treatments were set up, including Ploughing planting(CK), Till + PM(Treatment 2),No-till + MSM(Treatment 3), No-till + MSM + WIRPM(Treatment 4), No-till + MSM + IPLM(Treatment 5). We analyzed the soil moisture content and water storage in plough layer, emergence rate, agronomic characters and tomato yields, as well as evaluated the economic benefit. Results showed that during the main period of potato growth, the soil moisture content and water storage in plough layer with mulch cultivation patterns were higher than CK. Emergence rates of potatoes with mulch cultivation were higher than CK significantly, and the highest emergence rate of treatment4 was 96.7%. The heights of potato among treatment 4, treatment 5, CK and conventional planting patterns(treatment2) had significant difference, so was the aboveground biomass of potato among treatment 3, treatment 4, treatment 5,CK and conventional planting patterns(treatment 2), the commodity rates among treatment 3, treatment 4 and CK, and the commodity rates among treatment 4, treatment 5 and conventional planting patterns(treatment 2). But the numbers of single fruit among all treatments were not significant. The order of potato yield decreased as Treatment 4 >Treatment 3 > Treatment 2 > Treatment 5, meanwhile, the highest yield-increase rate of treatment 4 reached to71.10%. From the point of economic benefits, the highest economic benefit of five treatments was treatment 4 which net benefit reached to 12425.07 yuan hm-2, the net benefit of conventional planting patterns(treatment 2) was 765.0yuan hm-2, while Treatment 1 had the lowest net benefits by making a loss of 5941.24 yuan hm-2. In summary, No-till plus MSM was the best for increasing soil moisture content(by 5.67%) and water storage(by 4.09 m3hm-2) in plough layer to reduce seasonal drought. No-till plus MSM plus WIRPM was the best for increasing yields and efficiency.