创伤记忆:心理事实与文化表征

Traumatic Memory:Psychic Reality and Cultural Representation

在心理学的层面上,创伤记忆具有个体性、亲历性和情绪性三个基本特征,其中亲历性是最核心的因素,亲历者具有感情和道德上的先天优势。记忆主体记忆创伤,最终是要克服创伤的消极体验,与现实生活正常相处。创伤记忆研究包含事实来源和文化表征两个层面,只有在集体的或世界性的语境中考量个体创伤,后者才能从个体苦难上升为集体危机,从文学主题演变为哲学、伦理或道德主题,从身体、精神及社会创伤深化为"文化创伤"。媒体一方面把私人记忆转变成了公共话语,另一方面也把创伤记忆变成了日常生活。对待创伤记忆,我们必须保持三种态度:第一,对苦难保持同情和尊重;第二,对记忆的书写保持清醒和警惕;第三,有效区分记忆之客观真实性与主观真实性,辨别正确记忆和错误记忆的构成语境。

Traumatic memory exhibits three fundamental features,namely,the individualistic nature,personal experience,and emotional nature,among which personal experience is the most important because the subject of traumatic memory has a preprivilege of emotion and ethics. The ultimate goal of the subject with traumatic memory is to get through the negative effects of trauma on the subject and make him cope with the real life. Traumatic memory can be studied from the perspective of its origin in the reality and its cultural representation. Trauma in the form of individual suffering could become collective crisis only when it is studied in the context of the collective and universal world,and the theme of trauma can then become from literary theme to the issue of philosophy,ethics and culture. The trauma of body,spirit and society can then become cultural trauma. Nowadays,media have turned personal memory into the public discourse and at the same time turned traumatic memory into everyday life.The paper suggests three attitudes,namely,paying sympathy and respect for sufferings,keeping a vigilant eye on the writing of memory,and differentiating objective truth from subjective truth and the constructive context of correct memory from that of wrong memory.