外来植物豚草入侵机制

Advance in invasion mechanisms of Ambrosia artemisiifolia

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)是世界公认的恶性入侵杂草,其花粉是影响人类健康的高致敏原,豚草入侵到农业生态系统和自然生态系统中威胁当地的农业生产和生物多样性。本文综述了国内外学者的研究,发现豚草的成功入侵与其自身入侵性、生境可入侵性和人类干扰密切相关:1)豚草的入侵性在于其具有的高繁殖体压力、高水肥利用效率、化感作用、表型可塑性和遗传多样性;2)生境的可入侵性是由于具有适宜豚草生长的气候条件和可利用资源,生物多样性较低,且缺乏天敌和高竞争力的土著植物;3)国际贸易、耕作等人类活动及全球变化对豚草的入侵性和生境的可入侵性具有促进作用。建议今后应加强豚草可控试验,以探究豚草入侵的地下过程,研究豚草的成功入侵与其生物学特征、表型可塑性、遗传多样性和本地植物多样性之间的关系。

Common ragweed(Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is widely recognized as a noxious invasive alien weed species.It is a source of highly allergenic pollen that threatens human health.It also seriously affects agricultural production and biodiversity,when it invades farmland and natural ecosystem.The wide distribution and high invasiveness of the plant have aroused wide attention of scientists.Numerous studies on invasion mechanisms of common ragweed have been found worldwide.We reviewed studies and found that the invasion of the plant was closely related to its invasiveness,habitat invasibility and human disturbance.On the invasion mechanisms of common ragweed,the general conclusions included that common ragweed had high invasiveness because it had high propagule pressure,high utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer,phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity.The habitat invasibility can be explained by suitable climatic conditions,rich available resource,weak competition of native species,low biodiversity,lack of natural enemies or competitive species in new areas.International trade,cultivation practice and global change were likely to promote the invasiveness of common ragweed and habitat invasibility.We suggest that more controlled experiments should be developed to better understand the underground invasion processes and the relationships between the invader's biological characteristics,phenotypic plasticity,genetic diversity,native plants diversity and a successful invasion.