象雄王朝在青藏高原西北部的终结与在东南部的延续

The End of Zhang Zhung Kingdom in the Northwestern Area of the Qinghai-Tibet High Plateau and Its Continuation in the Southeastern Area

通过对象雄与嘉绒的族源关系、嘉绒口语中的象雄语活态词汇,以及象雄文化在藏青藏高原东南部边沿遗存等诸多事实的考察发现,象雄十八王国作为象雄文化的标志性符号之一,其历史在青藏高原西北部被终结的同时,在青藏高原东南部得到了延续,最显著标志史称嘉绒十八王国。象雄王国的空间地理范围,尽管各个历史时期文献记载不尽一致,然而有一条是非常清楚的,那就是无论象雄王朝的历史有多么悠久多么漫长,无论象雄王朝涉及的疆域有多广变化有多大,给人的整体印象是象雄王国历史舞台的中心始终在青藏高原,其历史舞剧的影响力时而远及青藏高原西北部边缘的广泛地区,时而远及青藏高原东南部边缘的岷江上游地区。今天的藏东嘉绒地区、岷江上游,乃至于成都平原的广汉三星堆和金沙遗址,仍然有不少远古象雄文化的印记。一句话,象雄文化最能反映藏文化的整体性特点。

I.A review of the ideas regarding the end of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet high plateau The historical legend of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom dates back to the time of Shenrab Miwo,the founder of Bon religion.The end of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom can clearly be regarded as the period of Trisong Detsen.In a nutshell,the history of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom merged into the history of the remnants of Tubo btsan- po.Concerning its geographical area,it was regarded that no matter how long the history of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom lasted or how big the territory of the Kingdom was,the center of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom historically was always in the Qinghai- Tibet plateau,and its influence historically sometimes reached the wider area to the edge of the northwestern part of the Qinghai- Tibet plateau.Sometimes it extended to the upper-reaches of the Min river at the edge of the southeastern area of the Qinghai- Tibet high plateau.In the present area of Rgyalrong,the upper reaches of the Min River,and even in the area of the Sanxingdui and Jinsha sites in the Chengdu plain,we can still find historical traces of the ancient Zhang Zhuang Kingdom.Concerning the end of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom in the northwestern part of the Qinghai- Tibet plateau,I have written a detailed discussion in another article titled A Discussion on the Eighteen Kingdoms of Ancient Zhang Zhung and Their Destruction.In order to connect it with the following research,I would like to give a summarized explanation.As a place where the people believed in the sacred bird khyung(Garuda),a record of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom in Tibetan sources dates back at least to literature found at Dunhuang.Through a review of representative concepts of the Zhang Zhuang Kingdom,there is a basic idea which regarded the geographical space of Zhang Zhuang as historically in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet high plateau.How can we now confirm the time coordinates of 'the eighteen kingdoms of Zhang Zhung' ? According to Tibetan literary sources,at least two time coordinates are clear:1) one of the kings of the 'eighteen kingdoms of Zhang Zhung' lived at the same time as Shenrab Miwo;and,2) The last two kings of the 'eighteen kingdoms of Zhang Zhung' were wiped out by Sontzen Gampo and Trisong Detsen.In other words, 'the eighteen kingdoms of Zhang Zhung' date back at least to before the eight century.This is because historical studies consider that Sontzen Gampo's reign lasted until at least 650 A.D.,and the specific time of Trisong Detsen's reign was from 755 A.D.to 797 A.D.Ⅱ.The Continuation of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet high plateau1.Fact number one:if seen from their clan origin,the Zhang Zhung kings had a direct connection with Rgyalrong;2.Fact number two:There are words from the Zhang Zhung language found in the Rgyalrong spoken language.3.Fact number three:Concerning the 'eighteen kingdoms' of Zhang Zhung and Rgyalrong just as the formation history of the 'eighteen kingdoms' of Zhang Zhung the idea of 'eighteen kingdoms' of Rgyalrong is not only the historical and cultural basis for the formation of eighteen tusi(native officials) of Rgyalrong,but also is a statistical result deduced by tracing backward from the line at the end of the period of Rgyalrong history.In other words,the number 'eighteen' is not a result of the same historical period,but a number calculated after experiencing a long historical period.4.Fact number four:Many newly discovered Tibetan and Han Chinese sources which provide information about the ancestral home of the Rgyalrong tusi indicate that the Rgyalrong tusi are the descendants of the royal family of Zhang Zhung.5.Fact number five:There are many remains related to the Zhang Zhung culture in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet high plateau.6.Fact number six:Traces of Zhang Zhung culture are found in some newly discovered archaeological sites,for example,in the Sanxingdui and Jinsha sites,the tombs along the banks of the Min river and the Da Jinchuan and Xiao Jinchuan valleys,etc.Through an analysis of the related data,we can conclude that the center of Zhang Zhung culture,as well as its general historical distribution was once clear.However,its precise boundaries were vague.Seen from the means of offering proof,our way to understand the end of the Zhang Zhung Kingdom in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet high plateau and its continuation in the southeastern part not only involves a general methodology,but also involves empirical issues concerning practical micro data.This is due to the situations involved in this topic.Speaking more specifically,1) the interpretations from ancient Tibetan literature are numerous,but these created more difficulties for non-Tibetan authors to use to reflect on Tibetan history in ancient times;2) most ancient Tibetan literature came from the writings of professional monks,so,it was not easy to use them to reflect upon the life struggles in secular society;3)the barrier that existed between religious sects is almost equal to that of the spatial barrier created by the vast territory with its small population;4) related disciplinary research,especially professional disciplines such as archaeology lags behind.It is due to these reasons that it is still difficult for us to discern the authentic features of Tibetan culture.Even so,there is no doubt that Zhang Zhung culture is one which could reflect authentic features of Tibetan culture.Although the Zhang Zhung culture has been missing from our vision of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau for many years,and because it is very difficult to reconstruct it,if we have enough cultural awareness and confidence,the Zhang Zhung culture can be reconstructed.In addition authentic features of Tibetan culture could be fully reflected by restoring the pieces of memory of Zhang Zhung culture found in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau,as well as through a deep interpretation of the living culture of Zhang Zhung in southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.