论上古韵真、文两部的考古和审音

Taxonomizing Zhen (真) and Wen (文) by Analyzing Pronunciation and Ancient Documents

上古真、文分部,有如脂、微分部,是很困难的。江永未分,失于未能充分利用先韵"古通他部",失于审音中未知真、文主元音有不同。戴震未分,除了重复江永的过失外,和他的祭部独立有关。段玉裁立足考古,形成其古韵说,并指出先于《诗经》的远古时代真、文分,求古本音真、文分,以谐声偏旁为据真、文分,以入声为参照真、文分,《诗经》韵字的分类研究真、文分。举证郭店楚简《老子》和上博简《孔子诗论》可知段氏分立之不易,特别是《孔子诗论》第21简、22简难以索解的"宛丘"作"甸丘",是战国真(多合韵耕)、文(多合韵元)相混之证。

Accounting for the differences between Zhen(真) and Wen(文) rhymes on one hand, and Zhi (脂) and Wei (微) on the other, is a challenge to the researcher. JIANG Yong (江永) did not succeed in his attempt to make a clear taxonomy and his failure can be attributed to his overlooking the relationship between Xian (先) and other types of rhymes. Another aspect JIANG Yong (江永) failed to take into consideration deals with the difference in the main vowel between Zhen (真) and Wen (文). Similarly, like JIANG Yong, DAI Zhen (戴震) did not separate Zhen (真) and Wen (文) rhymes, for the same reason. Moreover, he singled out a new category, Ji (祭). DUAN Yucai (段玉裁) started his own rhyme taxonomy on the basis of ancient documents and pointed out that Zhen (真) and Wen (文) were separated in the period prior to Shi Jing's(诗经 Classics of Poems) time and that his method consisted of 3 parts: first, he took up the sound component of characters; second, he analyzed the close syllables of Chinese and third, he used the taxonomy of rhymes of Shi Jing (诗经). The research reported here makes use of the Guodian (郭店) bamboo slips' version of Lao Zi (老子) together with The Comments of Confucius on the Poetry from Shanghai Museum's collection of bamboo slips in order to prove DUAN Yucai's (段玉裁) point. It is found that the latter work particularly is interesting, for it could be discovered that the slips numbered 21 and 22 both contain a toponym, 宛丘 which was written as甸丘, thus leading to the conclusion that Zhen (真) and Wen (文) rhymes were already partially undistinguishable by the time of the Warring States.