经营决策的心理陷阱及其防范方法

Psychological Traps for Decision-making in Management and Their Avoiding Methods

管理者的思维定式、认知方式形成心理陷阱危害决策过程。"抛锚陷阱"通过初始信息设置框架,对思考和判断形成导向;"存在陷阱"通过心理上趋利避害的原则导致决策人强烈地维持现状,排斥创新;"沉金陷阱"通过心理活动的快乐原则使人难以摆脱或修正以往的决策;"求证陷阱"讨论决策时本能的感觉和业已存在的观点如何抵御对立或矛盾的信息。决策者可以通过理解心理陷阱对决策的影响采取相应措施加以防范。

Psychological traps incurred by decision maker's cognitive ways and thinking features sometimes do harm in the process of decision. The Anchoring Trap means that the initial information usually sets up a framework, which infects the decision maker of his subsequent comprehension and judgment, and brings about wrong decisions. Status-Quo Trap means that people are instinctively self-protecting and hurt-avoiding while doing mental activities, which cause the decision maker to tend to accept the existing conditions and refuse innovations. Sunk-Cost Trap refers to the tendency of our brains' happy principle, which refuses to recognize or correct mistakes. The Confirming-Evidence Trap refers to the cognitive bias of a decision maker, who is ready to accept his existing ideas and pursue evidences to confirm them, as well as to be armed up to resist contradictory information. Decision makers can avoid the harmful influence of Psychological Traps by understanding them and consciously taking methods to fight against them.