资本怎样运作——对“改制”中资本能动性的社会学分析

The Role of Capital in Transforming Township and Village Enterprises

1990年代中末期所发生的乡镇企业改制表明 ,社会形态的资本在产权变革中具有能动性的力量和作用。乡镇企业作为“社区里的企业”所具有的社会共同体特性构成企业家人力资本形成时“干中学”的社会场域 ,在这种场域下形成的企业家人力资本并不是一个独立的经济要素 ,它具有合作性、留根性和嵌入性等特征。因此 ,当企业家赎回自己的人力资本时 ,须付出相应的“社会成本” ;在社区共同体内部 ,社会资本与产权在产生“激励”时具有互补作用 ,社会资本存量可能成为观察改制后社区公共空间出现差异的一个重要变量 ,并且共同体的社会资本具有某些产权特征。而探讨社会资本产权 ,对于理解乡镇企业改制和工业集体制解体时期社区公共空间的培育可能具有帮助。

The transformation of township and village enterprises (TVEs) in the late 1990s showed the dynamic role of capital of social forms in the reform of property rights. As “community enterprises,” TVEs, communal in nature, provided entrepreneurs with a social context where they could learn by doing. The entrepreneur's human capital here was not an independent economic element. Rather, qualities such as teamwork, root-remainedness and embeddedness were shown. Entrepreneurs must thus pay some “social cost” to get back their human capital. Social capital and property rights play complementary “encouraging” roles within a social community. The level of social capital may be used as a major indicator of the gap in public space of the community after the transformation. A community's social capital shares some of the nature of property rights. Discussion of the property rights of social capital helps us grasp the transformation of TVEs and the building of community public space when industrial consortia collapse.