中国耕地问题的症结与治本之策

Sticking Points of Fundamental Policies for the Farmland Issue in China

研究目的:揭示中国当今耕地问题的深层原因,寻求治本之策。研究方法:归纳推理法,现象溯因法。研究结果:不合理占用耕地的问题之所以一再得不到根本解决,是因为对问题的症结缺乏认识,因而相应的政策基本上是治标不治本。问题的症结是土地产权不明晰,农民没有掌握主动权,所以虽然采取“世界上最严格耕地保护政策”,实际上农地却最容易被征用。产权不明晰又必然导致土地市场化不充分,地方政府很容易滥用征地权,损害农民的利益和全社会的利益。此外,发展城市和工业在一定程度上以牺牲农民和农村为代价的传统计划经济思路仍未扭转,被征用土地的农民得不到合理的补偿;对耕地价值的认识不足,耕地的外部性价值被忽略。对症下药的治本之策是:真正实现“耕者有其田”;将“征地”制度改革为“购地”和“征购”制度;重建耕地资源价值评价体系,把耕地的社会、生态价值和对后代的价值纳入农业效益;逐步全面实行农业补贴。研究结论:中国问题的核心是农民问题,农民问题的核心是土地问题,土地问题的核心是产权问题。明晰土地产权是中国耕地问题的治本之策,也是“三农”问题的治本之策。

The purpose of this study is to reveal the deep causes of farmland issues in China and seek the relevant fundamental policies. The methodologies involve conductive reasoning and ratiocinating from phenomena into cause. The research results demonstrate that the rooted cause why unreasonable occupation to farmland can not be controlled for a long time in China is lack of understanding on the sticking points of this issue, so that the relevant policies generally take temporary solution rather than fundamental one.The first s ticking point is the ambiguity of lan d tenure and farmers have no haggling right.Thus farmland is easiest to be expropriated although the most restrict policy of farmland conservation is reputedly taken.The land tenure ambiguity inevitably l eads to insufficient and imperfect l and market.Local governments can frequently ab use the confiscation right to farmla nd so that the interests of farmers an d society are injured.Moreover,the traditional thought of Chinese plan economy,i.e.urbanization and industrialization cost at the sacrifice of peasants and rural communities in a certain extent,has stil l not be basically changed,so that th e farmers whose farmland was confiscated can n ot be compensated sufficiently and r easonably.The value of farmland has been underestimated and its external value ignored.To suit the remedy to the s ticking points,the land institutio n should be reformed to insure farmers actually have the owner right on farmland.Then the policies should be transformed from farmland expropriation into farmla nd marketability.The evaluation sy stem of farmland resource should be r e -estab-lished so as to bring the social and ec ological values and the value for the future generations into the real agricultural benefit.Agricultural subsidies sh ould be gradually put into practice g enerally.The conclusions are as followings:the key of issue of China rests with peasa nt,the key of peasant ' s issue is farmland,and the key of farmland issue is te-nure.Identifying the property righ t of farmland,therefore,is the fundament for solving farmland issue and rural,ag-ricultural and peasants' issues.