道德价值与其他价值

Moral and Other Values

道德价值与反道德价值之间的区别产生自特定道德之内,而道德价值与非道德价值之间的区别产生自一种超越了一切特定道德视角的理论视角。对道德价值的独特本性的语言学的、心理学的和社会学的探索等间接探索方式所带来的麻烦是循环论证,即它们全都预设人们已知道德是什么。而康德式的直接探索(元伦理学与规范伦理学的交混)所带来的麻烦是,它所产出的是理想化概念而非工作性概念,不适应于道德价值的多变的和多元的现实。道德价值的普遍性比一般性弱,但比一致性强。普遍性原则远非普遍有效。道德价值在人们的价值体系中并不必然是至上的,而可能拥有一种相对弱势的地位。道德评价应当循着价值连续统而非对错好坏的二元对立而进行。具体情境中的道德选择的准则不是绝对的,而是在一定程度上相对的。

The distinction between moral and immoral values is made from within a particular morality,whereas the distinction between moral and non-moral values is made from a theoretical perspective beyond all particular moral perspectives.The trouble with indirect approaches toward the specific nature of moral values,such as linguistic,psychological,and sociological approach,finds itself in circularity,i.e.they all presuppose that people have already known what morality is.And the trouble with the direct Kantian approach,the intermingling of meta-ethics and normative ethics,is that it results in an idealized concept rather than a working concept which is inadequate to the varied and pluralistic reality of moral values.For moral values,universality is weaker than generality,but stronger than consistency.The principle of universality is far from universally valid.Moral values are not necessarily overriding but possibly have a relatively weak position in people's value system.Moral valuation should go along a value continuum instead of a dichotomy of right and wrong and of good and bad.The criteria for moral choices in concrete contexts are not absolute but to some extent relative.