世界主义与民族主义——孙中山对新文化派的回应

Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism :Sun Yat-sen’s Response to New Culture Intellectuals

五四运动以后孙中山反驳有人用世界主义反对其提倡民族主义 ,具体所指 ,外部渊源主要是英国的罗素、俄国的无政府主义者克鲁泡特金和德国的社会主义者马克思 ,内部则几乎涵盖国家主义以外新文化阵营各个派系的代表 ,甚至包括一度倾向社会主义的国民党人如戴季陶等。世界主义自清末取代以天下观为主导的大同思想进入中国 ,由于“西方”在中国人的观念世界中地位日益上升 ,以及欧战宣告国家主义破产 ,世界主义在以西为尊的新青年中渐成流行趋势。经过与外力压迫下不断高涨的爱国情绪相融合 ,形成“世界的国家主义”或“世界主义的国家”观念 ,与孙中山改造后的民族主义虽有分歧 ,亦存在沟通的基础。随着民族危亡的日趋严重 ,越来越多的新文化派重新回到民族国家的立场。世界主义与民族主义的取舍 ,始终是困扰后发展国家的两难选择。

After the May Fourth Movement,Sun Yat sen pointed out that some people used cosmopolitanism to oppose the nationalism that he advocated .Specifically , the out sidesour cesforthisoppositionweremainlythetheoriesoftheEnglish scholarBertrandRussell,theRussiananarchistPeterKropotkin ,andtheGer mansocialistKarlMarx ,whileinternallyitincludedalmostallrepresentativesof variousfactionsofthenewculturecampexceptthenationalists ,evenincluding membersofGuomindangwhohadoncefavoredsocialism ,suchasDaiJitao .Cos mopolitanismenteredChinaduringthelateQingDynasty ,andreplacedthe world encompassingideologyofGreatHarmony .Becauseoftherisingprestigeof“theWest”inthemindsofChinesepeople ,andbecausetheoutbreakofWorld WarIdeclaredthebankruptcyofnationalism ,cosmopolitanism graduallygained popularityamongChineseNewYouthwhorespected“theWest” .Mixedtogeth erwiththepatriotismthatroseceaselesslyunderforeign pressure ,ittookthe formof“cosmopolitannationalism”or“thecosmopolitannation” .Althoughthis ideahadsomedifferencesfromSunYat sen’sreformednationalism ,therewasa basisforcommunicationbetweenthetwoideologies .Asthecrisisofnationalex istenceworsened ,moreandmorenewcultureintellectualsreturnedtonational ism .Makingachoicebetweencosmopolitanismandnationalismisalwaysa dilemmatroublinglatedevelopingcountries.