美国博士教育的现状与问题

The Reality and Problems of Doctoral Education in U.S.A

美国的博士教育规模庞大,修业年限在3～9年之间。博士教育模式主要由课程学习、资格考试以及学位论文工作等三部分构成。论文是博士教育计划的核心要素,博士论文要求进行创造性研究,对相应的学科有独特的贡献。博士教育评估由研究型博士学位教育研究委员会组织,由全国研究委员会管理。博士教育资助的渠道包括各州政府、联邦政府、学生学费、大学的捐赠基金、慈善基金会和产业界。美国博士教育的国际化程度很高,国际生是博士生队伍的重要组成部分。尽管美国博士教育是成功的且富有创造力,但也面临艰巨的挑战,主要表现为研究资助越来越影响到博士教育,专业化教育导致博士素质的偏狭与局限,博士教育脱离了变化不定的工作市场的要求,完成学业时间的延长致使博士生求学的积极性降低,以及精英人才短缺等。

The scale of American doctor education is large, and the study duration among different majors is from 3 to 9 years. The model of education is composed of course study, qualifi :ation exam and dissertation work. Dissertation is the core element of doctoral education programs, and creative research and unique contribution is required in relevant fields. Evaluation of doctoral education is organized by the Committee for the Study of Research-Doctorate programs, and managed by National Research Committee. The financial support of doctoral education comes from state governments, federal government, tuition, donation, foundation and industry. Doctoral (ducation is highly internationalized with a significant enrollment of international students. Although American doctoral education is successful and creative, it also faces serious challenges, which mainly includes that it is more and more influenced by research aids, specialized education has made its quality narrow and limited, it has gone away from the demand of changing work market, the enthusiasm for doctoral education is decreasing since the study time for degree has extended, and the shortage of elite students has been confronted by most universities, etc.