先秦诸子的地域文化特性

The Pre-Qin Scholars' Regional Cultural Characteristics

西周末年“天子失官 ,学在四夷” ,私学之兴及诸侯“养士”的需要 ,使“士”阶层迅速崛起 ,诸子之学逐渐生成。王国维注意到诸子有南北之别的地域文化特性 ,孔、墨和老、庄可分别作为北、南代表。春秋以来的政治家渐走出蒙昧主义 ,孔子更树立起理性精神 ,墨子虽讲鬼神、天志 ,却有以之制约统治者之旨 ,老、庄多关注自然天道 ,与孔、墨的实用理性不同 ,其他各家也可以作瞩目于人生或自然的大概划分 ,诸子确有南北之别。孔、墨、孟、荀、韩等儒、墨、法诸家文风不同 ,却都主于实用 ,他们所代表的北方派可以用一“实”字概括 ,而以庄、列为代表的道家和阴阳家驺衍等南方派 ,则富于想象 ,可用一“虚”字概括 。

In the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty a social stratum of “intelligentsia”(scholar)rose rapidly,and their doctrines came into being gradually.Wang Guowei noticed some regional cultural characteristics of China's north and south among scholars.Confucius and Mozi,and Laozi and Zhuangzi,might be representatives of the north and south respectively.The statesmen since the Autumn and Spring Period came to do away with obscurantism;what's more,Confucius set up a rational spirit,and Mozi advocated ghosts,spirits and the will of Heaven,but he intended to use them to condition rulers.Laozi and Zhuangzi paid more attention to nature,which was different from confucius' and Mozi's practical rationality.The north school of thought stood for practicality,whereas the south school of thought was rich in imagination.They ushered in traditions of realism and romanticism respectively in Chinese literature.